李恒： 叙事、表现与经验：安克斯密特历史哲学研究

　　摘   要

　　20世纪70年代以来，叙事主义历史哲学逐渐取代分析历史哲学，成为当代西方史学理论的主要形态。安克斯密特在这一转型中发挥了重要作用，成长为叙事主义历史哲学领域地位仅次于海登•怀特的领军人物，其理论本身也在不断变化之中，影响了历史哲学的发展。

　　本文通过追溯其理论来源、梳理其发展变化、剖析其内涵，旨在阐明安克斯密特叙述主义历史哲学的主要内容，探讨安克斯密特对当代西方史学理论发展的影响，评析其理论得失，并对其今后的发展做出谨慎的预期。

　　安克斯密特的史学理论发展呈现出明显的阶段性，依照时间先后顺序，可以概括为如下三个关键词作为其标识：叙事实体、历史表现和历史经验。

　　叙事实体理论是安克斯密特追随怀特从事史学理论研究的成果，他在《叙事的逻辑》一书中对此作了集中论述。叙事实体理论是安克斯密特历史哲学的支柱理论，它消解了历史主义中所隐含的形而上学思维，将其转变为语言实体。叙事实体即历史叙事，它与历史阐释是同义词。安克斯密特对于叙事实体的全部研究可以概括为针对历史叙事的研究。一个历史叙事能够发展出关于过去的论题，提出某个我们观察过去的“视角”；它在本质上是一套陈述句，却包含着超出所有陈述总和之外的“观点”。本文第一部分梳理叙事实体概念的起源及它与相关概念的亲缘关系，区分了指涉与相关这两个概念，并从视角、隐喻和解释三个方面展开论述，揭示出它具有后现代主义思潮中“去本质化”和“美学主义”两项特质。

　　历史表现理论凸显了安克斯密特试图超越怀特影响的努力，他在《历史表现》一书中对此作了详细阐述，突出了历史学家的主观性在历史编纂中的作用。历史表现理论与叙事实体理论一脉相承，是为了避免“讲故事”色彩的替换性选择。本文第二部分从词源学角度入手，详细考察了表现概念的发展变化，说明历史文本是对过去实在的一种模仿；史学理论对语言转向应充分接纳，但对于文学理论的引进则应谨慎。文章从本体论、认识论和方法论三个方面探讨了安克斯密特历史表现理论的主要内容。安克斯密特强调历史表现是用语言做成的事物，表现与被表现者在本体论上的地位是相同的，而历史表现已经超出了认识论的范围。

　　从历史经验理论开始，安克斯密特走上了独立研究史学理论的道路，《崇高的历史经验》一书就是安氏理论探索的成果。无论是历史叙事或是历史表现，都是赋予过去以意义，并使之融贯统一的工具，它们在面对“断裂”与“创伤”时却无能为力，这正是安克斯密特历史经验理论研究的主要问题。

　　安克斯密特精心构建了一套旨在超越“叙事主义”的历史经验理论。历史经验促使过去从当下分离，从而导致历史意识和历史编纂的产生。历史经验是反再现主义的，它排斥语言和叙事，先于主客二分。本文第三部分从分析经验概念入手，进入分析历史经验，并剖析了安克斯密特所划分的三种历史经验，即客观的历史经验、主观的历史经验和崇高的历史经验，并重点阐述崇高的历史经验。由于缺乏足够的说服力，安克斯密特的历史经验理论遭到学者们的质疑和批评，但是安克斯密特期许它能更新史学理论研究的范式，进而推动西方哲学的发展。

　　The narrative philosophy of history has taken the place of the analytical philosophy of history gradually and become the main pattern of the contemporary western historical theory from 1970s. Frank Ankersmit plays an important pole in the transformation of historical theory, and get to the leading place which only below Hayden White in the field of the narrative philosophy of history. The changing of Ankersmit’s historical theory effects the developing of western philosophy of history.

　　The theme of this dissertation is to illuminate the main contents of theory of Ankersmit’s historical philosophy by tracing the origins, tiding up the developing and changing, and dissecting the connotation. Based on these researches we can evaluate and analyse the contributions and mistakes of his theory, we can deduce its position and effect in the whole historical theory, and prospect the inclination in the coming future prudently.

　　There are three steps in the process of Ankersmit’s historical theory which we can gather up as the narrative substance, the historical representation and the historical experience according to the development of the theory itself.

　　Following Hayden White, Ankersmit probes the narrative logic and finds the narrative substances theory which is discussed profoundly in his first composition of Narrative Logic: A Semantic Analysis of the Historical Language. The concept of narrative substance is the cornerstone of Ankersmit’s historical theory which dissipates the metaphysical thoughts contained in the individuality of the historicism, and changes the “individuality” notion from a metaphysical substance into a “language substance”. The narrative substance, also called narratio, is the synonym of historical interpretation. All the researches in the narrative substance can be summed up as the researches about narratio. A narratio can build up some issues about the past, and propose a certain viewpoint for us to observe the past. A narratio is a set of declarative sentences in essence which includes the viewpoint beyond the summation of all the declarative sentences which construct the narrative substance. We track down the origins of the narrative substance and some cognate concepts, differ “refer to” from “be about”, and reflect the tendency of the “anti-essentialism” and “aestheticism” of the post-modern narrative historiography.

　　After the narrative substance theory Ankersmit works hard to surmount Hayden White, the founder of the narrative philosophy of history. Historical Representation is the research result in which Ankersmt expounds his historical representation theory in detail and highlights historians’ subjectivity in the writing of historical books. In fact, derived from the same origin, the historical representation theory is a succedaneum of the narrative substance for the sake of avoiding the color of “story-telling”. We investigate the development and variation of the concept of representation thoroughly from the angle of etymology, and illustrate that historical text is a kind of simulation of the past. Ankersmit addresses mainly the question of the relationship between the so-called linguistic turn and the introduction of literary theory as an instrument for understanding historical writing, and historical theory shall admit linguistic turn fully, on the contrary, be careful about the importing of literary theory. This dissertation discusses the main contents of the historical representation theory from ontology, epistemology and methodology. According to Ankersmit, a historical representation is a thing that is made of language, the represented and its representation will share the same ontological status, and historical representation transcends the circumscription of epistemology.

　　From the historical experience theory, Ankersmit starts to research historical theory by himself. Due to the crises of historical representation, Ankersmit elaborately construct a theory of historical experience which aims to surpass the representationism or narrativism for innovating philosophical and historical theory. The crucial pattern of “historical experience” is anti-representationalist. It rejects language and narration, and places “historical experience” a priority status over the subjective-objective binary division. For Ankersmit, the most and also the fundamental historical experience form is the “sublime historical experience”. Sublimity and trauma are associated in that trauma can be regarded as the psychological counterpart of sublimity, while the latter the philosophical counterpart of the former. Historical experience has been questioned for its certainty in irrational quality. Nevertheless, historical experience may be expected to become a new paradigm or key word in the new discourse if it cannot set up a new theory.