目 录

　　·欧洲史·

　　18世纪英国奢侈消费大讨论 /李新宽(4)

　　18世纪英国服饰消费与社会变迁 /王洪斌(15)

　　弗伊格特的“四个支柱方案”与德国民族民主党势力的重新抬头 /邢来顺 高中杭(30)

　　苏联村社财权的丧失及其影响 /赵旭黎(45)

　　·亚非史·

　　论日本近代早期的非传统国家观 /许晓光(57)

　　战后英美在英属撒哈拉以南非洲的经济伙伴关系（1945—1964）——基于英国政策的考察 /杭聪(73)

　　范西纳的非洲史研究 /刘伟才(84)

　　·古代史·

　　查士丁尼与贝利撒留：拜占廷帝国皇权与军权关系的一个范例 /刘榕榕 董晓佳(94)

　　罗马政治视域下的犹太人起义 /冯定雄(104)

　　·中外关系史·

　　从德福兰案看20世纪30年代初期的中美交涉 /张德明(118)

　　16—17世纪“布哈拉人”与欧亚内陆贸易网络的构建 /褚宁 马建春(130)

　　·马克思主义与世界历史·

　　恩格斯的《德国农民战争》及其史学意义 /荆腾(140)

　　CONTENTS

　　The Great Debate on Luxury Consumption in 18th-Century Britain /Li Xinkuan(4)

　　Clothing Consumption and Social Transition in 18th-Century Britain /Wang Hongbin(15)

　　Udo Voigt's “Four-Pillar Strategy” and the Revival of National Democratic Party of Germany /Xing Laishun and Gao Zhonghang(30)

　　The Deprivation of Financial Power in the Soviet Rural Communities and Its Consequences /Zhao Xuli(45)

　　The Non-traditional Theories of State in Early Modern Japan /Xu Xiaoguang(57)

　　The Post-WWII Anglo-American Economic Partnership in Sub-Saharan British Territories (1945-1964) /Hang Cong(73)

　　Jan Vansina and His Research on African History /Liu Weicai(84)

　　Justinian and Belisarius: A Case of the Relation between Imperial and Military Power in the Byzantine Empire /Liu Rongrong and Dong Xiaojia(94)

　　The Jewish Uprisings from the Perspective of Roman Politics /Feng Dingxiong(104)

　　The Tehchow (Dezhou) Incident and Sino-American Negotiations in the Early 1930s /Zhang Deming(118)

　　The “Bukharans” and the Establishment of the Eurasian Inland Trade Network

　　in the 16th-17th Centuries /Chu Ning and Ma Jianchun(130)

　　The Peasant War in Germany by Friedrich Engels and Its Historiographical Significance /Jing Teng(140)

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Li Xinkuan, The Great Debate on Luxury Consumption in 18th-Century Britain

　　In 18th-century England, the boom of luxury consumption triggered public concerns about the collapse of traditional social hierarchy, corruption of traditional morality, and the eruption of trade imbalance. Combined with the need for a new understanding of the economic significance of luxury, a great debate on luxury consumption was engendered. Bernard Mandeville's The Fable of the Bees further fueled the argument. Intense discussions were held referring to various topics, such as the definition of luxury, morality and luxury consumption, economy and luxury consumption, health and luxury the consumption, etc. This debate facilitated a psychological conversion among British people regarding consumption and the formation of a consumer society in Britain. Moreover, this debate encouraged British people to started to reflect on the traits of domestic goods and introduced innovation to production. The topic of luxury therefore brought new elements to social and economic theories and became one of the major themes in the 18th-century British political economics.

　　Wang Hongbin, Clothing Consumption and Social Transition in 18th-Century Britain

　　In the 18th century, the popular clothing in Britain experienced a thorough change. Monochromic, crude, and undecorated dress was gradually replaced by colorful, high-quality, beautiful and decent clothes. Even the poor could afford second-hand fashionable clothes. On the one hand, socioeconomic development spurred a change in clothing consumption, which epitomizes a society in transition. The growth of purchasing power and living standards of 18th century Britain provoked a demand for clothing. Meanwhile, changes in the patterns of family, marriage, occupation, involuntary consumption and clothing industry were also related to varied consumptions. On the other hand, the varied consumption in turn promoted a social changing. It not only stimulated the revolution of textile industry, foreshadowing the upcoming industrialization, but also obscured the boundaries of social hierarchy and status, facilitating an ideological evolution.

　　Xing Laishun and Gao Zhonghang, Udo Voigt's “Four-Pillar Strategy” and the Revival of National Democratic Party of Germany

　　The far-right National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) has barely survived since its establishment in the 1960s, especially after German reunification. To deal with the difficult situation, Udo Voigt who was elected as the chairman of the Party in 1996 proposed a “Four-Pillar Strategy”, including “Fight for the street”, “Fight for the minds”, “Fight for the parliaments”, and “Fight for the organized will”. Due to the implementation of his strategy, NPD members increased rapidly and the Party won a series of elections. Accordingly, NPD has revived and become the biggest far-right party in Germany. However, this Party is not popular enough and the possibility that it is to win a seat in the parliament is still faint.

　　Zhao Xuli, The Deprivation of Financial Power in the Soviet Rural Communities and Its Consequences

　　The “public donation” was a traditional practice in Russian rural communities. The collection of public funds provided rural communities with a stable and reliable income by which communities could meet their own economic, social, and cultural needs. However, after the “crisis of grain collection” in 1928, in order to support national industrialization, public donation was mandatorily nationalized and utilized to compel peasants to sell grains to the government. Although the measure was strongly resisted by the peasants, the Soviet policy effectively changed the donation into a tax, which resulted in the deprivation of financial power of rural communities. Consequently, the economic basis of rural autonomy and the public service of rural communities were undermined, while the Soviet administration and centralized governance were reinforced because they were conducive to agricultural collectivization.

　　Xu Xiaoguang, The Non-traditional Theories of State in Early Modern Japan

　　Early modern Japan witnessed the emergence of many active thinkers who accepted the prevalent Western political theories. They criticized the traditional political theory of state, government and administration which were in dominance for a long period in Japan and raised non-traditional and modernized theories. Without resorting to the deification of the Mikado, the divine right or the spontaneity of state, they explained the origin of state by analyzing the conflict in social development. They also discussed the nature and function of state and government in an unorthodox way. Their theories involved the protective function of state, a “for the people” government, a non-interfering government, etc., all of which were distinctive from traditional ideology. Their works promoted to lay the theoretical foundation for the modernization of political systems in Japan.

　　Hang Cong, The Post-WWII Anglo-American Economic Partnership in Sub-Saharan British Territories (1945-1964)

　　After the Second World War, an Anglo-American economic partnership by virtue of the connection of capital was formed in sub-Saharan British territories. Their common and complementary economic demands constituted the basis of cooperation between these two parties. They shared the common pursuit in the aspect of monopoly of the world's economic resources. Britain required capital for the colonial exploitation and America needed the sources of raw materials and commodity market without undertaking too much expenses of maintaining “order”. This developed the bilateral complementary pursuit. The reconciliation of contradictory demands lubricated their cooperation. Britain gradually admitted the American predominant power over the sources of Britain colonies while maintaining its own interests. America allowed British capital to share certain economic sources but insisted to own the right of deciding the portion and pattern. The connection of private capital from both sides was critical to the cooperation. The cooperation and disagreement between British private capital and American private capital are the underlying reasons of maintenance of the bilateral economic relations. The fact that the capitalists pursued the profit maximization could impel the capitalists to give up the competition on the national level. Meanwhile, the different groups of them owned their benefit pursuits respectively. Their cooperation was not without competition in both public and private sectors. The cooperation did not end up with the collapse of the British Empire.

　　Liu Weicai, Jan Vansina and His Research on African History

　　Jan Vansina is one of the major figures in modern African history studies. Based on oral and material sources, he combined his studies with archaeological and anthropological methods and proposed his own theory and practiced accordingly. He made an immense contribution to the historical studies of the Congo River basin, African Great Lakes region and the equatorial region, all of which were long despised by colonists and racist historians as “ahistorical”places. Although he paved the way for further researches, due to the intrinsic limitation and inadequacy of oral and archaeological sources, his studies should be evaluated critically.

　　Liu Rongrong and Dong Xiaojia, Justinian and Belisarius: A Case of the Relation between Imperial and Military Power in the Byzantine Empire

　　Justinian I, the emperor of the Byzantine Empire, got very sick in 542 A.D., but he recovered later. During this period, Belisarius, the most important general in the Byzantine Empire, was accused of so-called “treason” and punished consequently. Therefore the relationship between Justinian and Belisarius was completely broken. In this event, as the direct attacker on Belisarius, the empress Theodora punished the general severely. However, this event also reflected a long-term trend in the Byzantine Empire, which was the emperor had been striving to prevent the expansion of the generals' power from threatening the imperial authority. It also demonstrated the disadvantages of the centralized system of the Byzantine Empire. In the meantime, the deterioration of the relationship between Justinian and Belisarius resulted in a unfavorable war abroad and an unstable political situation at home. It became one of the causes for the decline of the Byzantine Empire in the middle of the 6th century.

　　Feng Dingxiong, The Jewish Uprisings from the Perspective of Roman Politics

　　From the perspective of the Roman Empire, it could be observed that the Jewish uprisings in Judea were merely a small portion of many uprisings in the entire empire, instead of something special in Roman political life. It is also unreasonable to assume that the Jewish uprisings were particularly destructive, as extant sources are insufficient to support an accurate comparison between the destructiveness of Jewish uprisings and other uprisings elsewhere. Moreover, Judea had long been one of the stable frontier provinces of the Roman Empire. One of the main reasons for scholars to emphasize the uniqueness of Jewish uprisings is that the Jewish left relatively abundant writing documents, a fact that influences the “historical awareness” of later researchers. Besides, researchers have long been observing those material from a Jewish perspective; they forgot that Judea was only a part of the Roman Empire, whose political importance did not exceed its “contract” with the empire.

　　Zhang Deming, The Tehchow (Dezhou) Incident and Sino-American Negotiations in the Early 1930s

　　On 11 July 1931, an American missionary named Francis F.Tucker shot a Chinese, Wang Guoqing. Since consular jurisdiction was involved in this case, relevant negotiations were typical in Sino-American negotiations concerning the revocation of the treaty of extraterritoriality. Though the Chinese government wished to have Tucker tried under Chinese laws, it was forced to surrender him to the American consul. Afterwards Tucker was finally released due to lack of evidence. During the process of this incident, issues referring to heated discussions about the religious status of Tucker, reasons for the murder, extraterritoriality and others appeared on Chinese and American media. Although these discussions had positive effects on diplomatic negotiations, unequal treaties and the international legal system rendered the result unsatisfactory. On the other hand, radical nationalism which was fermented in the discussions was to be condemned. In sum, the Tehchow Incident demonstrated the reasonable demand for the revocation of extraterritoriality by the Chinese government and the general public. It also showcased the interaction between public opinion and law. However, due to the limited national power and practical need for a Sino-American alliance, the demand was fruitless.

　　Chu Ning and Ma Jianchun, The “Bukharans” and the Establishment of the Eurasian Inland Trade Network in the 16th-17th Centuries

　　Scholars in Europe and North America believed that since the 16th century, the role of Central Asia as an important position of inland international trade had been in decline, which can be attributed to two aspects.The first one is that the vast invasion of Uzbeks and other tribes made the unified empire in Central Asia began to disintegrate.The second is the impact of the globalization after Great Geographical Discoveries. Actually, the traditional commercial towns in Central Asia remained a certain degree of prosperity in the 16th and 17th centuries, where “Bukharans” were the main body of business group of playing a particularly critical role. During that period,“Bukharans”, a generalized business groups, put many civilized areas such as Central Asian cities and towns, grasslands, India, Persia, Russia and China together through religious and geopolitical relations, and built Inner Eurasian trade network in a large-scale consequently. It is because of the long-term control of the Far East trade by “Bukharans” that forced a new Siberia trade routes explored by Russian government actively, to some extent for avoiding itself from the Far East trading system dominated by “Bukharans” in the second half of the 16th century. To sum up, the Central Asian caravans in Inner Eurasia had still maintained their irreplaceable trade position in one or two hundred years after the Opening of the New Sea Route.

　　Jing Teng, The Peasant War in Germany by Friedrich Engels and Its Historiographical Significance

　　Through studies on “the peasant war in Germany”, Engels' work established a major historiographical tradition. According to his work, the new economic life in the 16th century and its impact on medieval traditions formed the background of the peasant war. Determined by such background, disagreements and conflicts among different social classes on old and new life styles resulted in the final war. Engels' analysis of “plebeians” was the key to the interpretation of the war as the “early bourgeois revolution”. Therefore, Engels' explanation of the peasant war in Germany was not simply microeconomic as many scholars have deemed; instead, it based on specific human beings and developed a comprehensive investigation into the living conditions and styles of different social classes. This line of explanation constitutes the essence of Engel's work in historiography.

　　目 录

　　·欧美史·

　　美国传统工业大州“去工业化”（1950—1990）——以宾夕法尼亚州为中心的考察 /王旭(4)

　　19世纪英国围绕性病防治的争端 /毛利霞(17)

　　14世纪初期基督教世界政治的变化——以1337年《和平宣言》的解读为中心 /卢兆瑜(29)

　　·环境史·

　　19世纪英国人对伦敦烟雾的认知与态度探析 /陆伟芳(41)

　　环境政治史视野下的美国《1972年联邦环境杀虫剂控制法》 /滕海键(55)

　　·国际关系史·

　　“文学冷战”：大陆赴港“流亡者”与20世纪50年代美国反共宣传 /翟韬(67)

　　核扩散问题与艾森豪威尔政府和平利用原子能计划 /刘子奎(82)

　　17世纪上半叶台湾海峡贸易主导权问题新探——以荷兰侵占台湾初期的转口贸易为中心 /黄俊凌(95)

　　·古代史·

　　弥兰王还是米南德？——《那先比丘经》中的希腊化历史信息考 /杨巨平(111)

　　两河流域乌尔第三王朝白银的货币功能探析 /欧阳晓莉(123)

　　·学术史·

　　法国勒·普雷学派的中国研究及其影响 /郭丽娜(136)

　　第一届全国世界史中青年学者论坛综述 /孙丽芳 邹薇(151)

　　CONTENTS

　　The“Deindustrialization”of A Traditional Industrial State 1950-1990: An Examination Focused on Pennsylvania /Wang Xu(4)

　　The Controversy on the Prevention and Control of Venereal Diseases in 19th-Century Britain /Mao Lixia(17)

　　Political Changes in the Christian World in the Early 14th Century： An Interpretation of the Peace Announcement of 1337 /Lu Zhaoyu(29)

　　On the Awareness of and Attitude toward the London Smog among 19th-Century British People /Lu Weifang(41)

　　The Perspective of Environmental-Political History on the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 /Teng Haijian(55)

　　The Cold War in Literature： US Anti-Communist Propaganda and the Refugees in Hong Kong in the 1950s /Zhai Tao(67)

　　Nuclear Proliferation and “Atoms for Peace” of the Eisenhower Administration /Liu Zikui(82)

　　The Dominance of Trade across the Taiwan Strait during the Early 17th Century： The Entrepot Trade in Early Dutch Invasion /Huang Junling(95)

　　King Milinda or Menander： A Note on the Hellenistic Information in Milindapanha /Yang Juping(111)

　　The Monetary Function of Silver in Ur III /Ouyang Xiaoli(123)

　　The Chinese Studies of the Le Play School and Their Influences /Guo Lina(136)

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Wang Xu， The“Deindustrialization”of A Traditional Industrial State 1950-1990: An Examination Focused on Pennsylvania

　　The Deindustrialization of Pennsylvania has epitomized the adjustments of economic sectors and regional economic structures in the U.S. since the middle of the 20th century. During such process， governments actively cooperated with the industry， which facilitated the industrial transformation and upgrade. New growth pattern was formed while high-tech and service industry became dominant. Along with the healthy economy， urban spatial structure changed as well. Traditional cities were replaced by metropolises. The spatial distribution of economic entities reflected the integral development of urban and rural economy.

　　Mao Lixia， The Controversy on the Prevention and Control of Venereal Diseases in 19th-Century Britain

　　With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the venereal diseases caused by the prevalence of prostitution became commonplace. The prevention and control of venereal diseases therefore attracted broad social attention in Britain. In the first half of the 19th century， civil societies and the Church helped set up hospitals to prevent and control venereal diseases. In the second half of the century， in order to curb the occurrence of venereal diseases in the army and navy， the British government enacted the Contagious Diseases Acts which issued mandatory medical inspection in certain military fortress and towns， and tried to promote it nationwide. However， the Repealers， mainly consisting of middle-class women， condemned the acts from the perspectives of morality， legislation， class， gender， etc. They launched the “Repeal Movement” and actively exposed the evil of “white slave trade”， trying to increase the social awareness of child prostitutes. With the concerted effort of the Repealers and the Parliament， the acts were abolished. The prevention and control of venereal diseases returned to the private sphere. The controversy on the prevention and control of venereal diseases reflected traditions of individual freedom and promoted the feminist movements in Britain.

　　Lu Zhaoyu， Political Changes in the Christian World in the Early 14th Century： An Interpretation of the Peace Announcement of 1337

　　Before the 14th century， the Pope was the sole authority for launching the Crusades. However， the Peace Announcement by Edward III of England in 1337 indicated that secular monarchs of the early 14th-century Christian world were able to wage wars in the name of the Crusades.This reveals a series of changes in the political climate： the religious authority was redistributed， and the old notion of “the divine right of kings” was reshaped; feudalism gave way to power politics， and the international political practices of the Christian world were reoriented accordingly.

　　Lu Weifang， On the Awareness of and Attitude toward the London Smog among 19th-Century British People

　　Since the Industrial Revolution, the production and life-style of Britain transformed London into a city of smog. Yet， except for some doctors， specialists， and upper-mid-class citizens， the majority of the British people deemed it a common， even healthy， phenomenon.Their social awareness of and attitude toward the smog changed with the development of science and the passage of time. At first， smog was only considered inconvenient and uncomfortable; people put more emphasis on the possible negative social and moral effects of a blurred atmosphere. Later， people realized that the smog was detrimental to animals and plants， and was corrosive to objects. This finally led to the awareness of its fatal physiological effects on human body. Hence，British people's awareness of and attitude toward pollution were formed and changed gradually.

　　Teng Haijian， The Perspective of Environmental-Political History on the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972

　　Since the end of World WarⅡ， the American society had an increasing need for higher living standards and had more awareness of environmental issues. Realizing that the wide use of chemical pesticides was detrimental to health， American people initiated modern environmental movements. Debates were held between environmental organizations and the chemical industries on the categorization and utilization of chemical products， the authority of detection and investigation， the disclosure of data and information， the right to prosecute and penalize， and indemnification. As a result， the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act was enacted in 1972. Although it was largely a compromise， the Act took environment protection and public health into the consideration of pesticide regulation and relevant legislation. Hence， it has strongly influenced the development of pesticide regulation in the United States.

　　Zhai Tao， The Cold War in Literature： US Anti-Communist Propaganda and the Refugees in Hong Kong in the 1950s

　　During the 1950s， United States Information Service-Hong Kong (USIS-Hong Kong) mobilized the refugee Chinese intellectuals to write novels on anti-Communist themes, especially those written for the overseas Chinese students. The information officers of U.S.then covertly published and marketed these novels in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia for the propaganda purpose. The themes， discourses and images constructed in the novels reflected not only anti-Communist ideologies， but also America's own historical， cultural and religious values and ideologies. These novels to some degree worked because of the sophisticated propaganda technique—“personification of anti-Communist ideology”.

　　Liu Zikui， Nuclear Proliferation and “Atoms for Peace” of the Eisenhower Administration

　　The “Atoms for Peace” plan of the Eisenhower administration was designed to restrict the development of nuclear weapons in non-nuclear countries by exporting limited nuclear technologies for civil purposes. However， the plan actually aggravated nuclear proliferation. Its failure was mainly caused by the following factors： the emphasis of vertical proliferation and the neglect of horizontal proliferation; the absence of effective international control and inspection; the duality of Eisenhower's policy; the promotion of peaceful use which actually facilitated development of nuclear technologies. Undeniably， some countries benefited from the plan， but its side-effects could not be overlooked： the first step of non-proliferation efforts ironically accelerated proliferation. Eisenhower's plan failed to notice that， though the iron blade of nuclear power could be molded into plough， the plough could also be recast into sword.

　　Huang Junling， The Dominance of Trade across the Taiwan Strait during the Early 17th Century： The Entrepot Trade in Early Dutch Invasion

　　In the early 17th century， the Netherlands， Spain， and other European powers competed for domination of the highly profitable trade in East Asia. The Dutch invaded Taiwan in 1624， and the island became a trading post linking mainland China， Japan， Southeast Asia and Europe. The entrepot trade during the early period of invasion was closely related to the commodities provided by private maritime merchants of the Ming dynasty.The different opinions held by scholars focused on who actually controlled the entrepot trade: the Dutch East India Company or the Chinese merchants. Since the trade was influenced by many factors， this paper proposes that neither side was able to realize domination. From 1624 to 1644， which is the final stage of the Ming dynasty， the Dutch entrepot trade experienced a pattern of inception， development， and eclipse， with domination alternating between the Dutch and the Chinese.

　　Yang Juping， King Milinda or Menander： A Note on the Hellenistic Information in Milindapanha

　　Sutra of the Bhiksu Nagasena (Milindapanha) was the only Buddhist sutra in which an Indo-Greek king was one of the two main characters. Based on the texts of the Chinese and English versions translated from Pali， and combined with other documents and the latest numismatic and archaeological findings， it can be shown that the sutra contained certain tincture of Hellenism. The King Milinda (King Milan) in the Buddhist sutra was the King Menander who ruled northwest India in the middle of the 2nd century. His birthplace “A Li San (Alasanda)” was the “Alexandria of Caucasus”; his capital She Jie (Sagala) was probably his temporary abode during a civil unrest. It was possible that he and his followers converted to Buddhism during this period. But he was never a monk， being only a lay believer. He died in the military camp and was greatly honored and sadly lamented.

　　Ouyang Xiaoli， The Monetary Function of Silver in Ur III

　　It remains an open question whether money existed in ancient Mesopotamia. Karl Polanyi developed an influential theory and elaborated upon four functions of money： a means of payment， a standard of value， a medium of exchange， and a means of storing wealth. This article proceeds from the above functions of money defined by Polanyi and analyzes the monetary function of silver attested in the economic documents from the Umma province in the Ur III dynasty (2112-2004 BC). It tracks the movement of silver in the local economy and discovers that at that time the dependents of the Umma institutional economy had the option of paying taxes in silver instead of kind and could also substitute a silver payment for their corvée obligation. The merchants played a crucial role in channeling silver to the dependents in exchange for their side products. The provincial government represented by the governor collected the silver payments so as to pay special taxes to the crown. This article concludes that， through having these monetary functions， silver infused a certain degree of flexibility indispensable to the highly centralized redistributive economy of the Ur III dynasty.

　　Guo Lina， The Chinese Studies of the Le Play School and Their Influences

　　The Le Play school was an early school of anthropology and sociology in the West. Combining knowledge of geology， sinology， anthropology， and sociology， it theoretically set China as a strictly moral and patriarchal society. This image was a consequence of the “chinoiserie” in 18th century Europe. It also showcased profound reflections by French liberal intellectuals on national (even European) issues and globalization. For the Le Play school， this interpretation was a piece of important supportive evidence for its theory of European social stability and the ideal of peace. For oriental studies in early modern Europe， it reflected the complexity of cultural relations between the East and the West.

目  录

　　·海外专稿·

　　情感史视野下的法国大革命 /谭旋(4)

　　姐妹共和国？——比较视野下的美国革命和法国大革命 /彼得·迈克菲(16)

　　·冷战史·

　　“自由”话语与冷战初期美国国内政治动员——以欧洲复兴计划为中心 /李昀(27)

　　1958年杜勒斯-戴高乐会谈与美法关系 /姚百慧(37)

　　尼克松政府“中国许可证清单”的出台与中国的反应 /邓峥云(50)

　　·欧洲史·

　　中世纪西欧工资劳动市场再探——以产生时间和原因为中心 /徐浩(61)

　　中世纪英格兰仆从的法律地位探析 /王超华(71)

　　法国宗教改革时期纯洁派与新教之间的谱系建构问题 /王文婧(80)

　　19世纪英国全科医生群体的崛起及影响 /王广坤(91)

　　两德统一的外交史: 史料、论争与前景 /王帅(105)

　　·亚洲史·

　　两面性的日本近代化先驱——论吉田松阴思想的非近代性 /唐利国(117)

　　幕末勤王思想对明治维新的影响——以水户学为中心 /朱坤容(131)

　　·史学理论·

　　战后英美史学理论界关于“历史解释”与“历史叙述”的论争——以曼德尔鲍姆的批判为线索 /顾晓伟(143)

　　COTENTS

　　French Revolution and Emotion /Timothy Tackett(4)

　　Sister Republics? The American Revolution and French Revolution in Comparative Perspectives /Peter McPhee(16)

　　The Rhetoric of “Freedom” and the American Political Mobilization in the Early Cold War: On the European Recovery Program /Li Yun(27)

　　The Meeting between Dulles and de Gaulle in 1958 and Franco-American Relations /Yao Baihui(37)

　　The “List of Nonstrategic Items” Made during the Nixon Administration and China's Reaction /Deng Zhengyun(50)

　　The Wage Labor Market in Medieval Western Europe: When It Emerged and Why /Xu Hao(61)

　　The Legal Status of Servants in Medieval England /Wang Chaohua(71)

　　The “Kinship” between French Cathars and Protestants in the Reformation /Wang Wenjing(80)

　　The Rise of General Practitioners in 19th-Century Britain and Its Influence /Wang Guangkun(91)

　　The Diplomatic History of the German Reunification: Materials, Debates, and Prospects /Wang Shuai(105)

　　A Forerunner of Japanese Modernization with Two Sides: On the Non-Modern Aspect of the Thought of Shoin Yoshida /Tang Liguo(117)

　　The Influence of Late Shogunate Loyalism on the Meiji Restoration: The Example of the Mito School /Zhu Kunrong(131)

　　The Debate on “Historical Interpretation” and “Historical Narration” among Postwar Anglo-American Historical Theorists: Centered on the Criticism of Maurice Mandelbaum /Gu Xiaowei(143)

　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Timothy Tackett, French Revolution and Emotion

　　The study on the emotional history of the French Revolution focuses on emotional factors behind people's actions.It explores numerous historical records(such as diaries and correspondences)written by witnesses of the Revolution searching for experiences-exultation, love, fear, anger, hatred etc., thusly providing brand new perspectives on the understanding of violence and terror in the Revolution.During the early phase of the Revolution, people expressed intensive feelings of exultation and philanthropy, but the notion of equity was soon rejected by aristocrats and clergymen.The feelings of frustration and betrayal formed a peculiar terror of conspiracy, and the society was filled with rumors, which incurred anger and hatred.Apart from research on emotions and their interactions, the study on the emotional history also emphasizes emotional differences, their mutual influences, and the relation between emotions and actions among different social groups.It also compares the French Revolution with other major revolutions in other countries in the hope of achieving a comprehensive understanding on the French Revolution and the emotional identity of 18th-century France.

　　Peter McPhee, Sister Republics? The American Revolution and French Revolution in Comparative Perspectives

　　Since the invention of the notion “Atlantic Revolutions” by J.Godechot and R.R.Palmer, the international research of the “age of revolutions” has been revitalized in recent years.More and more researchers tend to interpret “revolution” as a transnational, even global phenomenon.In a comparative perspective, both of the American and French revolutions were the result of the competition of global imperialism; they were influenced by the Enlightenment; they were similar in terms of universal ideals, gender-political culture, the pursuit of equality, etc.; and they both incurred severe social-political schism.However, they were drastically different in political institutions, results of the pursuit of equality, and attitudes toward slavery.The peculiarity and impact of the French Revolution, an “epicenter” of the age of revolutions, can only be well understood in the perspective of transnational history or global history.

　　Li Yun, The Rhetoric of “Freedom” and the American Political Mobilization in the Early Cold War: On the European Recovery Program

　　Faced with the dire situation of the postwar Europe, the Truman government implemented the European Recovery Program(ERP).In order to win over the domestic public support, the Truman government proposed a set of political rhetoric based on “freedom”.Starting from “freedom”, it propagandized a threatened national security and an “alien” USSR.With the help of social communities, an American international image of “the guardian of freedom” was created.The U.S.successfully infused an international program of national interest with a strong moral sense.It not only won over public sympathy and support, but also “legitimized” American interference into international affairs during the Cold War.

　　Yao Baihui, The Meeting between Dulles and de Gaulle in 1958 and Franco-American Relations

　　Charles de Gaulle resumed the premiership of the French Fourth Republic in June 1958.Though being supportive to his return, the U.S.was skeptical of his upcoming policies.Therefore, in order to lay a solid foundation for the relationship between the two countries, John Foster Dulles, the U.S.Secretary of State, took an official visit to Paris from 3 to 6 July in that year.The meeting between Dulles and de Gaulle covered many issues: the relationship between the East and the West, the international status of France, NATO, the development of nuclear weapons in France, the Lebanon issue, the summit, etc.Generally speaking, their disagreements prevailed during the meeting.This was a result of the differences between the two countries in terms of strategic status, and the domestic and diplomatic situations. The meeting solidified de Gaulle's determination in the pursuit of an independent diplomacy and to some extent altered the U.S.strategy of nuclear deployment in Europe.Hence, it could be considered as the beginning of the exacerbation of Franco-American relations.

　　Deng Zhengyun, The “List of Nonstrategic Items” Made during the Nixon Administration and China's Reaction

　　Shortly after assuming office, Nixon started to mitigate U.S.-China relations.One of his early moves was to ask Department of Commerce, in consultation with other relevant departments, to make a “List of Nonstrategic Items” for trade with China to help ease trade restrictions and improve relations between the two countries.However, serious disagreements arose among departments in the making of the list.Although the White House, considering the interests of various parties, finally approved and announced the list, which marked a turning point in the U.S.trade policy to China, it failed to achieve the prospective results.China's reaction to it was lukewarm.This case indicates that the economic encouragement policy on the diplomatic objective in the international economic relations could be restricted by mutual understandings of the implementing party and the target side, and by their respective domestic situations.

　　Xu Hao, The Wage Labor Market in Medieval Western Europe: When It Emerged and Why

　　Neo-Malthusianism attributes the rapid growth of the wage labor market in mid-medieval Europe to overpopulation, while Marxist historians ascribe the market in late medieval Europe to the crisis of feudalism and rise of capitalism.In different periods of the Middle Ages, manors, peasant families, and manufactories and shops had different degrees of demand on the wage labor market.Hence, high demand determined the high proportion of wage labors in medieval Europe, especially in England.The wage labor market in medieval Western Europe was supplementary, not heterogeneous, to the familial labors in peasantry and manufactory, and the servant labors in manors.Only under certain circumstances could it be transformed into the contract labor of capitalism.

　　Wang Chaohua, The Legal Status of Servants in Medieval England

　　In medieval England, young servants who learned skills in others' households formed a special social group.The extant Court Rolls of that time indicate that lots of lawsuits involved servants.They demonstrate that servants not only appeared at the courts as parties, but also took the litigant responsibilities, for example, they were fined for trespassing on others' properties.Such cases show that servants were considered as members of the masters' families, but they had no legal dependence on the latter.Servants contracted freely with their masters, which was essentially a contractual relation that was hidden behind the ostensible family ties.This determined servants' independent legal status.The contractual relation and independent status were important characters of servants as a type of wage labor, from which some clues to the origin of English capitalism could be found.

　　Wang Wenjing, The “Kinship” between French Cathars and Protestants in the Reformation

　　Catharism was a “heresy” in middle and late medieval Southern France, which was extinct by the 14th century.However, during the Reformation in the 16th century, Catharism was deemed the precursor of French Protestantism.At that time, Catholicism was at odds with Protestantism on almost every issue, but they were strikingly similar in the insistence on this purported “genealogy”.This phenomenon was closely related to the political-religious situations in France and the polemic strategy employed by both sides.Learning from the Crusaders' repression of Cathars, Catholic scholars determined that this “heresy” should be eradicated by force.On the other hand, the Protestants sympathized with the persecuted Cathars, and by chance found an opportunity to reverse their unfavorable position in the religious dispute.Hence, they started to actively interpolate the “kinship” between Cathars and Protestants into the history of Protestantism.

　　Wang Guangkun, The Rise of General Practitioners in 19th-Century Britain and Its Influence

　　In modern Britain, doctors were divided by a strict hierarchy of physicians, surgeons, and pharmacists(from high to low).They organized respective societies to maintain the established order.However, with the social development and increasing demand on medical care in the 19th century, this system collapsed gradually.General Practitioners(GP), who were familiar with both surgery and pharmacy, emerged and prevailed in medicare service.In order to escape from the old hierarchy and build a GP based new order, GPs initiated a series of medical reforms.As a result, the hierarchy in the medical circle was eliminated, and a new medical system suitable to Britain and the time was established.

　　Wang Shuai, The Diplomatic History of the German Reunification: Materials, Debates, and Prospects.

　　The German Reunification was among the most significant events in the 20th century.Its unexpectedness, multifariousness, and promptness have caught the attention of many researchers and scholars.In the first decade after the reunification, scholars, journalists and engaged politicians composed various versions of “initial historical drafts”, profiling the diplomacy in the reunification.After the successive declassification of documents, the “second drafts” witnessed the more profound and detailed studies carried on by researchers.They discussed many issues—the cause, the role of Britain and France, the relative importance of Germany and the U.S., the diplomatic policy of Germany, etc.—in the process of reunification.Based on these multilateral documents, prospective researches could be done to clarify obscure details and construct the history with multiple perspectives before finally providing accurate historical assessments.

　　Tang Liguo, A Forerunner of Japanese Modernization with Two Sides: On the Non-Modern Aspect of the Thought of Shoin Yoshida

　　Shoin Yoshida(1830-1859), a forerunner of Japanese modernization, has been highly praised among scholars.However, the conservative aspect of his thought should not be ignored.He vehemently supported feudal personal status and failed to develop a sense of modern citizenship, his political thought was restrained by moralism and failed to realize the necessity of institutional reform, he never reflected on personal liberation while hoping that social mobilization could be achieved by the imposition of obligation on the mass.He legitimized his actions by the extremization of old thoughts—the deed of a typical “radical conservative”.As a forerunner of Japanese modernization, his thought concerning the strong sense of pre-modernism exerted great influence on Japan after the Meiji Restoration as well.The development of his thought foreshadowed the duality of Japanese modernization.

　　Zhu Kunrong, The Influence of Late Shogunate Loyalism on the Meiji Restoration: The Example of the Mito School

　　The Mito School(mitogaku)was an important school of thought in the late Shogunate period(bakumatsu), including the early school of historical studies and late school of political philosophy.The decline of Shogunate and the emergence of Western powers were the internal and external stimuli of the loyalism respectively.Focusing on the intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the Mito School, this paper discusses the influence of loyalism on the Meiji Restoration from the perspectives of “the Emperor” and “the Empire”: they created the awareness of “the Empire” and continued the awareness of “the Emperor”.For one thing, the Meiji Restoration was a departure from the traditional polity.For another, loyalism remained in the new ideology.It reflects Japan's choice between nationalism and modernism in its process of modernization.

　　Gu Xiaowei, The Debate on “Historical Interpretation” and “Historical Narration” among Postwar Anglo-American Historical Theorists: Centered on the Criticism of Maurice Mandelbaum

　　The debate on “historical interpretation” and “historical narration” has been central to the nature of historical knowledge among Anglo-American analytical philosophers of history.Firstly, the discussion of “historical interpretation” of the analytical school was a revolt against the nature-history dichotomy of the traditional historicism of continental Europe.They discarded the route toward “historical knowledge” established by the critical school and focused on the “historical method” of empiricism.Secondly, the discussion of “historical narration” of the analytical school was still in the framework of “historical interpretation”.After all, historical narration was a form of interpretation in nature.Although being relevant, it was fundamentally different from the narrative approach.

　　目 录

　　·史学理论·

　　跨国史的兴起与20世纪世界史的重新书写 /王立新(4)

　　近代早期欧洲历史观念的内涵及其形态转变 /吴树博(24)

　　·海洋史·

　　专属经济区概念的提出与美国的反应（1970—1983） /吴少杰(40)

　　巴林与沙特阿拉伯大陆架划界暨资源共享谈判及其意义 /关培凤(53)

　　·欧洲史·

　　近代英国劳资争议仲裁制的兴起 /刘金源(62)

　　近代早期德意志政治发展特性刍议——对“德意志特殊道路”的一种反思 /钱金飞(74)

　　森林资源的商品化与16世纪德国农村的变迁 /王倩(87)

　　中世纪晚期英格兰圣职候选人的“头衔”探析——以赫里福德主教区为例 /孙剑(99)

　　·美洲史·

　　美国国家公园建构与印第安人命运变迁——以黄石国家公园为中心（1872—1930） /高科(110)

　　美国与智利1973年“9·11政变” /舒建中(125)

　　·亚洲史·

　　居者有其屋：二战后新加坡组屋政策探析 /宋培军 张秋霞(137)

　　·学界动态·

　　第三届中英英国史学术交流研讨会在北京召开 /胡莉 魏运高丽(150)

　　北京大学历史学系举办法国史学术工作坊 /盛仁杰 黄浩(152)

　　“亚太国家发展道路”学术研讨会在苏州召开 /张甜甜(154)

CONTENTS

　　The Rise of Transnational History and the Rewriting of World History in the 20th Century /Wang Lixin(4)

　　The Perception of History and Its Transformation in Early Modern Europe /Wu Shubo(24)

　　The Birth of the Concept of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the Reactions of the United States (1970-1983) /Wu Shaojie(40)

　　The Negotiations between Bahrain and Saudi Arabia on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and Resource Sharing /Guan Peifeng(53)

　　The Rise of Industrial Arbitration in Modern Britain /Liu Jinyuan(62)

　　The Political Development of Early Modern Germany： A Reflection on Sonderweg /Qian Jinfei(74)

　　The Commercialization of Forest Resources and the Change of Rural Germany in the 16th Century /Wang Qian(87)

　　“Titles” of Ordinands in Late Medieval England /Sun Jian(99)

　　The Construction of National Park in the United States and the Vicissitudes of Native American's Life： The Case of Yellowstone in 1872-1930 /Gao Ke(110)

　　The United States and the September 11 Coup of Chile in 1973 /Shu Jianzhong(125)

　　The Post-War Housing Policy of Singapore /Song Peijun and Zhang Qiuxia(137)

　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Wang Lixin， The Rise of Transnational History and the Rewriting of World History in the 20th Century

　　Since the 1990s， there has been a robust trend in historical studies worldwide aptly named the “transnational turn”， which has in turn given rise to transnational history. The transnational history examines the history of nation-states in a transnational and global context， focusing on the effects of transnational forces and external factors. This has drastically altered research on national histories. Transnational history has also taken note of communications and of interactions between peoples， thoughts， information， capital， commodity and institutions among nations. Therefore， it has been recognized as a new branch of history， which has developed subfields omitted by traditional studies. It highlights the importance of transnational experiences in people's lives， and has altered our views on modern history， including conflicts and wars in the 20th century. Therefore， it is necessary to rewrite the history of the last century from a transnational perspective， incoroprating such “low-end” international affairs as human rights protection， educational and cultural communications， transmission of mass culture， elimination of infectious diseases， environmental cooperation， and sports events into the history of international relations.

　　Wu Shubo， The Perception of History and Its Transformation in Early Modern Europe

　　This paper mainly discusses the perception of history and its transformation in early modern Europe. Generally speaking， due to achievements in the study of historia naturalis and critical ars historica in late Renaissance， the previously dominant “rhetorical perception of history” gradually gave way to the perception of history as a rigorous set of knowledge and methodology. During this transition， the meaning of history was expanded and enriched， and the connection between truth and history became more important. Moreover， history itself gradually became a methodology and was applied to other disciplines， gaining itself an eminent status in the knowledge system of that era. Although such perceptions of history (together with historians) have undergone criticism from “historical skepticism” and are no longer considered as a paradigm of knowledge since the mid-late 17th century onward， the consequences engendered by such transformations have been preserved. Combined with new thoughts and methods， they have helped initiate a new stage of historical study in Europe， laying the foundation for the scientific study of history.

　　Wu Shaojie， The Birth of the Concept of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the Reactions of the United States (1970-1983)

　　Initially， the U.S. opposed the idea of EEZ， hoping to replace exclusive resource zones with UN Trust Territories instead. However， in order to relieve increasing domestic and international pressures， to fulfill national security objectives， and to reach agreements on maritime laws， the U. S. gradually conceded to and accepted the concept. Finally， the concept with conditions was officially endorsed by the U. S. . Based on national security considerations， the U. S. insisted on the preservation of the right to fly and sail over EEZs and of their legal status as international waters; the former claim was realized， while the latter was resolved via compromises. The U. S. benefitted from the EEZ system. Its policies on EEZ reflected the change of priorities in its maritime policy consideration， and demonstrated its pursuit of discourse power and leadership in the establishment of a maritime system. The negotiations on EEZ issues witnessed a gambling bout among coastal developing countries and great sea powers.

　　Guan Peifeng， The Negotiations between Bahrain and Saudi Arabia on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and Resource Sharing

　　As the international society was increasingly aware of the value of marine oil-gas resources， delineation of the continental shelf became a hot issue. In this context， Bahrain and Saudi Arabia held prolonged negotiations on bilateral issues， including the ownership of islands and reefs and the delineation of continental shelf. They finally reached an agreement on delineation and designated a region for sharing marine resource. Although in meting out the original claims， both sides lacked juristic precedence， they agreed on a compromise based on considerations of domestic situation and international relations， paving the way for a final settlement of the issue. Due to the ad hoc nature of the agreement， however， it cannot be considered a real agreement in a rigorous legal sense. Nonetheless， it provides an example for future settlements of similar disputes.

　　Liu Jinyuan， The Rise of Industrial Arbitration in Modern Britain

　　As a peaceful way of dispute settlement， the industrial arbitration used to be very popular in modern Britain. Official arbitrations led by magistrates were gradually replaced by voluntary arbitrations initiated by both sides， leading to a moderation of labor-capital relationship in the age of industrialization. In the early 19th century， the government enacted a series of acts to facilitate the enforcement of arbitration. However， these acts contradicted the volition of people and were largely ineffective. On the one hand， the rise of industrial arbitration reflected the changing role of the government in labor-capital relationship， from the traditional patriarchal intervener to a modern laissez-faire overseer. On the other hand， it marked the establishment of an autonomous reconciliation mechanism which provided the basis for the mechanism of collective bargaining in the late 19th century.

　　Qian Jinfei， The Political Development of Early Modern Germany： A Reflection on Sonderweg

　　The traditional Sonderweg theory maintains that Germany has followed a special path “different from but finally reverting to the West” since the 19th century. However， ascribing the origin of Sonderweg to the 19th century has been widely criticized. Many scholars have traced the tradition of autocracy back to the 16th century. This paper reveals three features in the development of Germany from the 16th to 19th centuries： federalism， parliamentarianism and the rule of law. They were preserved and improved on during the German Reich， the Weimar Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany. Not considering parliamentary democracy exclusive to the “Western” countries and autocracy the unique German tradition， this paper argues that from the 19th century on， Germany has embarked on a path “deviant from its traditions， but ultimately a return and sublation of its traditions”.

　　Wang Qian， The Commercialization of Forest Resources and the Change of Rural Germany in the 16th Century

　　Around the 16th century， due to increasing demands for raw materials (like timber) in urban development， industry and handicraft industry and large-scale deforestation for cultivated lands， wood became a precious commodity in Germany， resulting in exessive chopping down of forests. With the commercialization of forest resources， the conflict among princes， local lords and peasants was intensified， leading to the transformation of the rural economic system. Driven by interests， local aristocrats restored “serfdom” to exploit resources in autonomic communities of peasants; princes were eager to establish states， and they hoped to bring forest resources under control by official decrees. The commercialization also resulted in adjustments in property rights： ownership， possession， and the right to use were mixed to realize the sale of forest resources. Meanwhile， state governments strengthened their control over forests： the post of forestry officer was established to stop over-deforestation. With the introduction of artificial forests， forestry became an industry. These phenomena reveal a distinct pattern of the development of commodity economy in rural Germany. Hence， the over-simplified generalization that urban commodity entered into villages and brought an abrupt destruction of feudalism is dispelled.

　　Sun Jian， “Titles” of Ordinands in Late Medieval England

　　In medieval England, the clergy was required to hold a “title”, which means the sufficient financial resource he possessed, when he was ordained to major orders as an ordinand in the ordination ceremony. After that, the clergy was eventually eligible to find a job within the ecclesiastical system. Four types of “titles”, appearing in the ordination lists preserved in the episcopal registers of the diocese of Hereford between 1400 and 1532, were those which were accepted by the Church. The first was monastic “title”. It might only be “legal fiction”but was approved and encouraged by the Church. The other three (patrimonial “title”, private “title” and benefice “title”) were less in number, but they indicated the real economic resource obtained by the clergy. These specific “titles” reflect the social and economic relations between the Church with its clergy and the secular English society in the later Middle Ages. They also demonstrate that the Church still had its solid foundation in pre-Reformation England, and that the clergy remained attractive to the secular individuals. In addition, some “titles” imply the instability within the Church and the changing of secular attitude towards the Church. In conclusion, the “titles” provide the essential and direct proof which reveal the actual situation of the society and the Church in England in the eve of the Reformation.

　　Gao Ke， The Construction of National Park in the United States and the Vicissitudes of Native American's Life： The Case of Yellowstone in 1872-1930

　　With the development of the Westward Movement， the natural scenery of the Yellowstone region attracted the attention of American society since the mid-late 19th century. Initiated by some elites， the Yellowstone National Park was established. In their view， this region was entirely unoccupied. However， it had long been the homeland of Native Americans. The Act of Dedication was enacted to preserve natural resources and develop tourism， which contradicted the survival of Native Americans. As a consequence,they were expelled. However， in order to cater to the imagination of tourists， park administrators and tourism developers used images of Native Americans as an attraction， resulting in their “return” to the park. The treatment to Native Americans in this campaign was thus a continuation of the arrogant Native American policy of the U.S.： it was a facet of unjust American environmentalism.

　　Shu Jianzhong， The United States and the September 11 Coup of Chile in 1973

　　In order to overthrow the leftist president Allende， the United States designed a set of complicated secret policies and strategies， based on “CIA reports” and complemented by “the project of Department of State” and “the project of Department of Defense”. Later， the United States initiated a comprehensive covert operation， including methods and means of economy， politics， propaganda and paramilitary. It finally resulted in the September 11 coup d'état， and the elected Allende government was replaced by the pro-American Pinochet government. The September 11 coup was an example of covert operations which were initiated by the U.S. to overthrow legitimate foreign governments for the sake of its own national interests.

　　Song Peijun and Zhang Qiuxia， The Post-War Housing Policy of Singapore

　　In the late 1980s， based on the modernization of labor movement， Singapore generally met the goal set by the Home Ownership Scheme in 1964. However， since the late 1990s， especially in the 21st century， the characteristic Singaporean “Home Ownership democracy” was challenged by the new age of “magnificent housing”. At the beginning of the Singaporean independence， Lee Kwan Yew proposed that “housing was crucial to the country”， which suggested that the implementation of a housing policy was indispensable to the establishment of the nation. Therefore， the realization of the post-war housing policy of Singapore was highly parallel to the construction of its state system.

　　目 录

　　·“第22届国际历史科学大会述评”笔谈·

　　历史学的走向和史学家的未来 /顾銮斋(4)

　　全球视野下中国历史的重构 /郑群(10)

　　书写情感的历史 /乌尔特·弗雷弗特(16)

　　法国大革命史研究的新趋向 /孙一萍(24)

　　历史学的数字化转向 /玛丽亚塔·希耶塔拉(29)

　　·欧美史·

　　思想和话语的积淀：近代以前西欧财产观的嬗变 /侯建新(33)

　　西欧中世纪骑士比武的兴衰 /唐运冠(46)

　　中古晚期英格兰郡共同体探析 /陈日华(58)

　　19世纪英国城市的新鲜空气诉求 /严玉芳 梅雪芹(66)

　　工业化时期英国的血亲关系与土地流动 /郭爱民(77)

　　纽约州鹿尾党的建立与美国第二政党体制的起源 /杨钊(91)

　　·国际关系史·

　　北约组织对苏联能源设备禁运政策的缘起与影响 /崔丕(104)

　　战后日美文化教育交流会议的形成、作用及其局限性 /牟伦海(118)

　　·史海新探·

　　中古祆教半人半鸟形象考源 /张小贵(131)

　　·学界动态·

　　第二届埃及历史与埃及问题高层论坛召开 /陈小迁 王泰(144)

　　2015年中国世界古代史学术研讨会在上海召开 /黄薇 于荧荧(146)

　　历史与记忆学术研讨会在首都师范大学召开 /史林凡(148)

　　中国人民大学举办世界史资料建设与教材编写学术研讨会 /王大庆(150)

　　《踌躇的霸权》新书研讨会在北京大学召开 /陈希(152)

　　CONTENTS

　　The Accumulation of Thoughts and Discourses: The Transition of the View on Property in the Pre-Modern Western Europe /Hou Jianxin(33)

　　The Tournament in the Medieval Western Europe /Tang Yunguan(46)

　　The County Society in Late Medieval England /Chen Rihua(58)

　　The Demand for Fresh Air in the 19th Century British Cities /Yan Yufang and Mei Xueqin(66)

　　The Blood Tie and Transfer of Land in Britain during the Age of Industrialization /Guo Aimin(77)

　　The Bucktails in New York State and the Origin of the Second Party System /Yang Zhao(91)

　　The Origin and Impact of the NATO Pipe Embargo to the USSR /Cui Pi(104)

　　The Formation, Function and Limitation of the U.S.-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange /Mou Lunhai(118)

　　The Origin of the Half-Human and Half-Bird Images of Medieval Zoroastrianism /Zhang Xiaogui(131)

　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Hou Jianxin, The Accumulation of Thoughts and Discourses: The Transition of the View on Property in the Pre-Modern Western Europe

　　Some textbooks assume that, in terms of the development of property rights in the Western Europe, there was a giant chasm between the thought and discourse of modern and these of medieval era: The thousand years of Middle Ages had been totally ignorant of the concept of property rights until thinkers of the Enlightenment established the thought and discourse system.However, the formation of the view on property in the Western Europe derived from its distinctive historical circumstances.It originated from Germanic conventions, developed in the classic civilizations and Christianity, and was a compound of above three elements.In order to provide a comprehensive investigation into the pre-modern property rights in the Western Europe, this paper discusses these elements seriatim.It focuses on the description of the concept of subjective rights born in medieval lives and the analysis of the logical relation between this concept and the view on property, hence demonstrates the historical continuity of the Western Europe and the immense social-historical significance of the accumulation of thought and discourse.Issues such as “rights of the poor”, “rights of the minority”, and rights to resist also stemmed from the discussion of property rights, indicating that the medieval view on property had rich and profound contents and influences, which were far beyond a one-dimensional and rigid emphasis on the rights of property owners.

　　Tang Yunguan, The Tournament in the Medieval Western Europe

　　The tournament, as a type of game for cavalrymen, rose and came into prosperity in the 11th century Western Europe.Researches revealed that it was linked with the growth of feudal separatism in the process of decentralization and with the new inheritance system which forced “young” knights to seek their own destinies in the game.Correspondingly, the early tournament, where the nobility used overt violence to ensure and maintain the social hierarchy, showed the typical features of the primitive feudalism – chaotic and ferocious.From the 13th century, with the popularization of the joust and the clarification of the rules, the tournament began to gentrify.It produced two far-reaching consequences: the private violence of the knights was incorporated into the construction of the nation-states, and the nobles transformed from private forces into servants of nation-states.The tournament thus lost its vitality, and the newly established unified states turned it into a parade of absolute power.The once prosperous tournament finally declined in the 17th century.

　　Chen Rihua, The County Society in Late Medieval England

　　When villages in England started their feudalization, counties did not.It resulted from the fact that, from the 12th century, the military duty of English cavalrymen diminished and they participated in the public administration of local, especially county governments.Transformed from former cavalrymen, “knights” gradually dominated the management of counties.With the development of local identity and coherence, county communities were formed around gentlemen.However, there is a fallacious assumption in the traditional view: in the formation of nation-states, there must have been conflicts between centralized authority and local autonomy.In fact, it typifies a mistaken application of tertium non datur.The construction of nation-states and the continuation of local autonomy was a dialectical process, which involved the synergy between both sides.

　　Yan Yufang and Mei Xueqin, The Demand for Fresh Air in the 19th Century British Cities

　　In the 19th century, the demand for fresh air was a very important environmental demand in urban development.It was caused by the poor ventilation of residence, the new awareness of air-health correlation, and the theory of pathogenic miasma.There were three detailed aspects of this demand: the modification of ventilation; the elimination of conceptual and institutional obstacles for window opening; the resort to air-improving commodities, fresh air in rural areas and the construction and protection of “lungs of cities”.These methods not only targeted at air pollution, but were also pertinent to the amelioration of urban public hygiene.From the perspective of environmental history, this paper enriches the study of the history of air pollution and public health by investigating into the cognitive transition in air conditions of the 19th century British people.

　　Guo Aimin, The Blood Tie and Transfer of Land in Britain during the Age of Industrialization

　　In the age of industrialization, the inheritance of land among blood relatives was important to the formation of massive real properties.The fee tail guaranteed the transfer of land among blood relatives of the eldest son.This institution of inheritance ensured the integrity of land.As the land-owning class had a high rate of infertility, a great proportion of land was transferred among blood relatives or collateral relatives of females, who also made use of the institution to ensure the integrity of land.There were commercial activities in the process of land transference.Families holding newly purchased land would make sure all land to be transferred in accordance with the fee tail.The land transferred with blood lines was crucialto the British transition from small peasant economy to capitalist agricultural economy.

　　Yang Zhao, The Bucktails in New York State and the Origin of the Second Party System

　　In the 1810s, New York Republican party was divided into the Bucktails and the Clintonians, thus forming a new two-party system.The Bucktails were different from the traditional parties in New York.They emphasized the party discipline and democratic principle, and established organizations, such as the Committee of Correspondence and Party Caucus.They also used the spoil system to stimulate the enthusiasm of party members in elections.In addition, the Bucktails founded their party newspaper and renovated the party concept.With these new characteristics, the Bucktails swiftly dominated the political life of Ney York State.During 1824-1840, two-party system appeared in other states, signifying the start of the second party system.In this regard, the rivalry between the Bucktails and the Clintonians was significant and original.

　　Cui Pi, The Origin and Impact of the NATO Pipe Embargo to the USSR

　　In the promotion of NATO pipe embargo to the USSR, the U.S.initially asked Japan and the Western Europe to restrict their export of oil tankers to the USSR.Then, it initiated the establishment of an ad hoc research agency, proposed the embargo on energy equipment, suggested Japan and NATO to suspend diplomatic negotiations with the USSR.This embargo was the first case where the U.S.used international defense mechanism to enforce economic containment strategy against the USSR.Meanwhile, it was also an exception in the history of trade control during the Cold War.Later, the U.S.continued its containment policy with CoCom (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls).This change indicated that the U.S.government has learned and transcended from the original embargo policy.

　　Mou Lunhai, The Formation, Function and Limitation of the U.S.-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange

　　The intensive transplantation of the American democratic culture onto Japan after the Second World War resulted in the severe cultural inequity between the U.S.and Japan.With the rapid growth of Japanese economy, Japanese people strongly demanded for the cultural equalization.In order to maintain the Japan-American alliance, the U.S.reacted positively.CULCON in 1961 was a major achievement in the reconciliation of the cultural relationship.Along with the military and economic coordination mechanisms, the cultural one, represented by CULCON was one of the three keystones of the post-war Japan-American alliance.On the other hand, the intrinsic cultural differences between Japan and the U.S.predetermined the direction of their cultural conflict.It reflected the major limitation of CULCON and the cultural coordination mechanism.

　　Zhang Xiaogui, The Origin of the Half-Human and Half-Bird Images of Medieval Zoroastrianism

　　Half-man-half-bird images have been discovered frequently in recently examined tombs of medieval western minorities in China.The religious meaning of this symbol was controversial.Combining the results of foreign scholars on Zoroastrianism, this paper focuses on the images, analyzes two predominant views among academia, and suggests that it was inappropriate to interpret the image as one of the Zoroastrian gods.This paper contends that the image represents the typical Zoroastrian priest who preserves the fire altar.Its design was influenced by the “glory given by god” of ancient Persia, signifying the delivery of the worship of fire to gods.The image expressed the fire worship peculiar to ceremonies of Zoroastrianism and reflected the “caesaropapism” in the ancient Persian tradition.