曹文娟：20世纪英国职业指导体系研究

　　——以发展模式为中心的考察

　　摘 要

　　英国是世界上较早建立职业指导服务的国家之一，迄今已有一百多年的发展历史，在百年历程中出现过不同的发展模式，各发展模式既有成功之处，也有失败的地方。本文旨在分析英国职业指导的不同模式并评价其利弊得失。

　　本文第一章主要介绍20世纪初期英国职业指导产生的背景、产生和初步发展。20世纪初期，英国政府逐渐开始关注职业介绍所的发展。通过1909年的《劳工介绍法》、1910年的《就业选择法》，英国的职业指导服务初具规模。美国“人职匹配”的职业指导理论传入英国，对英国职业服务产生重要影响。20世纪20年代，英国建立工业心理学会专门研究职业指导理论，有力地推动了英国职业指导的发展。在20世纪30年代经济危机中，职业指导为缓解就业压力起到一定作用。

　　第二章主要研究二战之后英国职业指导的福利模式。二战中职业指导发挥重要作用，这大大推动了职业指导的发展。战后，英国逐渐建立起福利模式的职业指导体系。通过1948年的《就业与培训法》和1973年《就业和培训法》，政府逐渐建立起福利模式的基本构架。这一模式下，政府提供财政支持，扩大了参加职业服务的法定人群。同时职业指导的方法逐渐改变，由过去的职业安置逐渐转变为职业生涯指导。福利模式下职业教育及职业培训获较大发展。但福利模式的职业指导在应对失业问题时没有发挥应有的作用，但同时却耗费大量财力，在20世纪70年代末保守党上台之后，开始变革职业指导服务模式。

　　第三章主要研究保守党上台之后建立的准市场模式职业指导。1979年开始的私有化浪潮使职业指导逐渐走向准市场化模式。撒切尔时期，英国职业指导一方面发展学校中的职业指导，另一方面推行职业指导的市场化改革。1993年《贸易联盟改革和就业权利法》支持职业服务领域中私营机构的发展，鼓励收费服务，支持建立以雇主需求为主导的培训机制等，进一步促进了职业指导的市场化发展。同时，保守党也实行了一些促进职业教育和指导发展的措施，并尽力推进教育与社会需求之间的吻合。这种模式促进了职业指导机构多层次发展，但是，也存有弊端，如损害社会公平等。

　　第四章阐释1997年工党上台之后建立的全面职业指导服务。1997年工党执政将职业指导服务与构建学习型社会、社会融入计划相结合，减轻因市场化改革而引起的社会不公。同时，扩大职业指导的服务人群，建立不分阶层、不分年龄阶段的全面的职业指导服务。但由于职业指导被赋予过多的社会职能，引起部分职业指导人员的不满。

　　在英国职业指导发展历程中出现了不同的发展模式，各阶段的发展模式都与英国经济和政治发展有密切关系。职业指导领域中的不断调整和改革，其实质是不断追求职业指导经济性与社会性间的平衡。为能够充分发挥职业指导的作用，政府在制定职业指导政策时既要具有经济发展的前瞻性，又要全面考虑社会需求。同时，英国政府处理职业指导服务中中央与地方间的关系，及促进职业培训与指导的措施都可为我国职业指导的发展提供经验和教训。

　　Study on System of Career Service of British in the 20th Century

　　——Focused on Development Model of Career Service

　　ABSTRACT

　　Britain is one of the countries that established career service in the world; hitherto, it has more than one hundred years of history. In the course of 100 years, there have been different models of development of career service. Each of models had its success and failures. This dissertation tries to clarify the history of the development and its pros and cons of British career service.

　　The first chapter mainly introduces the background and development of career service in the beginning of the 20th century in Britain, the government began to establish Employment Exchanges. Promoted by Labour Exchanges Act in 1909 and Education <Choice of Employment>Act in 1910, the career service was beginning to take shape. The concept about finding the most proper job, originated from American, became popular in Britain, which imposed great influence on the development of career service in Britain. In 1920s, in Britain, the Institute of Industrial Psychology was established to study how to guide job finding, which promoted the great progresses of career service. In 1930s, career service helped alleviate the pressure of unemployment caused by the economic crisis.

　　The second chapter is concerned with the welfare model of career service after World War II in Britain. During the war, career guidance played an important role, which triggered the great development of career service. After the war, in Britain, with the support of the law of employment and training in 1948 and 1973, the career service system with welfare came into being. Within this framework, the government offered financial support and extended the people who could enjoy the right. The way of career service changed from job settlement to career service. In the field of education, career service became more and more important. And the career service system with welfare enjoyed the great development. But there was one problem. Even with welfare system, the problem of being unemployed was not eased and at the same time the government had to pay a lot for the welfare model of career service. Therefore, the career service system needed to reform.

　　The third chapter focuses on the quasi-market career service model after the Conservation Party took power. In 1979, the privatization began to make career service quasi-marketing. At that time, the government, on one hand, developed the career service in schools and marketed career service on the other hand. In 1993, the law of Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights Act supported the private employment agencies and encouraged to charge career service and supported the establishment of the training centers with the requirements of employers emphasized. All these means promoted the privatization of career service. The Conservation Party also promoted the career guidance in schools and emphasized the match between education field and the requirements of the society. The model diversified the development of employment agencies. However the weaknesses were the damage of social fairness and the enlargement of social gaps in job chances among different classes of people.

　　The fourth chapter describes the career service after the Labor Party in power in 1997. The Labor Party proposed to combine career service with learning the Labor Party proposed to combine career service with learning society and assimilation into the society. By this way, the unfairness caused by marketization was eased. Meanwhile, the government aimed to establish regardless of class, regardless of age, the comprehensive career service, and extends the people who could enjoy the service. However, there was still a problem. That is, the society-oriented career service gave rise to the dissatisfaction of some people on career service.

　　There have been different models of career service in its history, and various stages of development model were closely related to the development of British economic and political history. As to continuously adjust and reform in the field of career service, its essence is to pursuit the balance between the economic and social benefits of career service. In order to be able to give full play to the role of the career service, the government should not only have the foresights of economic development, but also should take full account of the social needs when the government makes policies of career service. Meanwhile, the British Government deals with the relationships between the central government and local governments, and the measures to promote vocational training and guidance can provide the experience and lessons for the development of China's career service.