刘博：1549年凯特起义

　　——爱德华六世时期的社会危机与大众政治

　　摘 要

　　本文以1549年的凯特起义为主题，采用史论结合的写作方法，叙述凯特起义的历史，剖析爱德华六世时期的社会危机，并对社会动荡产生的原因、规律和影响做了一定的分析、归纳和评价。

　　凯特起义发生在爱德华六世时期——英国社会变革最为剧烈的时期之一，也是英国从封建社会向资本主义社会过渡一个重要阶段。凯特起义是一场由富裕约曼自由持有农领导的，由城市自由人、手工业者、商人、小农和流浪汉等城乡社会下层劳动人民广泛参与的，反对贵族压迫、追求社会公正的暴力抗议活动。凯特起义是动荡年代最具有典型性的一次起义，其发展最为成熟，是1549年英国社会危机的集中表现。这场社会危机是圈地运动、宗教改革、政治改革、物价、人口和社会问题等一系列社会变革和发展的综合结果。这场起义对英国政治的发展起到了十分重要的影响，是英国“大众政治”的标志性事件。通过分析社会危机的发生规律，作者认为大众政治有革命、起义、骚乱、请愿和舆论五种形式。

　　全文分两部分，共四章。前两章为第一部分，分析凯特起义的性质。后两章为第二部分，分析社会危机及“大众政治”。具体内容是：第一章，分析起义过程、起义背景、条件和起义失败的原因。第二章，分析凯特加入起义的原因、凯特的政府及起义军的行动、凯特起义的政治纲领、起义军的成分和凯特起义与全国动乱的关系，并总结起义性质。第三章，分别从土地问题、宗教改革、物价、社会问题几个方面分析爱德华六世时期英国社会产生危机的原因。第四章，分析1549年英国全国社会动荡的特点，并探究大众政治的涵义、模式和大众政治的话语——“公共福利”主义。

　　Kett’s Rebellion 1549

　　——Social Crisis and Popular Politics during Edward VI's Reign

　　Abstract

　　By applying a method of combining historical analysis the discussion, this dissertation takes the 1549 Kett’s Rebellion as the theme, describes the history of the rebellion, analyzes the social crises during the reign of Edward VI, and makes some discussion, conclusion and comments on the causes, rules and impacts of social disturbances.

　　Kett’s Rebellion took place during the reign of Edward VI which was one of the most dramatic period of England’s social reform and an important stage of England’s transformation from feudalism to capitalism. Kett’s Rebellion was a violent protest against the oppression of the gentries, which was led by a rich yeoman freeholder and participated by the city freemen, craftsmen, businessmen, small holders and vagabonds, with the aim of pursuing social justices. As the most typical and most mature rebellion during the “commotion time”, Kett’s Rebellion was the manifestation of England’s social crises in 1549 which were caused by the social reforms and development such as enclosure movement, religious reformation, price inflation, and population and social issues. The uprising has had a very important influence on the development of British politics and it is also a landmark event the British “popular politics”. By analyzing the occurrence of the social crises, the author holds that the popular politics takes five forms of revolution, rebellion, riot, petition and consensus.

　　The dissertation is divided into two parts in four chapters. The first two chapters form the first part, in which the nature of Kett’s Rebellion is analyzed; the latter two chapters is the second part, making analysis of the social crises and “popular politics”. The contents are as follows: Chapter I gives analysis on the courses of the rebellion, discussing the background and conditions of the rebellion, the process and reasons for its failure; in Chapter II the author analyzes the reasons for Kett’s participation, the actions of Kett’s government and the rebels, the nature of Kett’s petition, the composition of the rebels and the relationship between Kett’s Rebellion and other disturbances in England, and summarizes the nature of the rebellion as well; Chapter III dissects the causes of the social crises during the reign of Edward VI from aspects such as land problems, religious reformation, prices and social problems; in Chapter IV the author engages in analyzing the features of the “commotion time” and exploring the connotation, pattern and discourse of popular politics – commonwealth.