刘树良：日本军部运行机制与对外战争决策（1931-1945）

摘要

 本文主要探讨“十五年战争”时期日本军部的运行机制与对外战争决策问题。军部是明治宪法体制的重要决策主体之一，是日本军国主义进行对外侵略战争的核心决策者和执行者。论文主要通过史论结合的方式论述分析军部确立对国家政治合法支配地位后其核心机构的运行与对外战争决策机制及其在对外侵略战争中的运转情况，明确少壮派幕僚层在军部运行与决策过程中的重要作用，总结军部运行机制与对外战争决策的典型特征。

　　本文认为，军部是一个享有“统帅权独立”等特权的多元结构式军事利益集团，它奉行“集团主义”运行方式，采用从下到上、由内到外的“合议制”战争决策程序。这种运行方式与决策程序的特点是：其一，“集团主义”运行方式对外表现为以集团利益支配国家政治，代替国家利益；对内体现为陆海军及其内部各部门之间的集团利益之争，会因为权力分割而出现令出多门、政策混乱的现象；其二，“合议制”决策方式更加注重决策过程中决策者之间的利益协调，容易造成无人承担责任和战争政策偏离最初设想的后果；其三，少壮派“精英”幕僚们掌管陆海军核心战争决策部门，他们制订的政策预案一般都会成为军部正式方案。同时，他们积极参与决策、甚至会采用“下克上”方式，以及对国际形势的偏执判断，都会反映到军部对外战争决策过程之中。

　　本文的结论是，“十五年战争”时期日本军部确立对国家政治支配地位，通过其运行与对外战争决策机制主导和推动日本军国主义发动大规模侵略战争的根源，在于明治宪法体制本身。是明治宪法体制衍生出军部，并且赋予它各种特权和优越地位，使之成为该体制的重要决策主体之一，为军部在“十五年战争”时期支配国家政治、发动对外侵略战争埋下祸根。

　　关键词： 军部；运行机制；对外战争决策；少壮派幕僚；明治宪法体制

Abstract

 This dissertation mainly intends to explore the operation mechanism and foreign war decision-making of the Japanese Army headquarters in the period of “Fifteen Years of War”. The Army headquarters is one of the important decision-makers for the Meiji constitution system, as well as the central decision maker and executor of foreign war launched by Japanese militarists. This dissertation mainly through the integration of history and theory attempts to analyze the operation and decision mechanism in foreign war of the Army headquarters’ core institutions, when it has established the legal domination for the country’s politics; clarify the important role played by the young staff officers in the operation and decision-making process of the Army headquarters; and summarize the typical characteristics of the Army headquarters’ operation mechanism and foreign war decision-making .

　　It is found out that the Army headquarters is a multi-structured military interests group enjoying the “independent imperia” and other privileges, which abides by the operation method of “collectivism” and adopts the war decision-making process of “collegial system” from the bottom up and from inside to outside. The characteristics of the operation method and decision-making process are as follows: First, the operation method of “collectivism” shows to dominate the country’s politics by the interests of group in outside, while manifests the interests debates not only between the army and navy but olso their different departments in inside, it’s easy to cause the chaos of policies because of power segmentation. Second, the “collegial system” pays much attention to the interest’s coordination of decision-makers in the decision-making process. Thus, it could easily lead that nobody assumes responsibilities and the war policies deviate from the original assumption. Third, the young staff officers control the core war decision-making departments of army and navy, whose policy plans always become the formal solution of the Army headquarters. In addition, they actively participate in decision-making, even adopt the way of “the low offenses the high”, as well as the bigoted judgement for the international situation, which would manifest in the foreign war decision-making process of the Army headquarters.

　　The conclusion is that the root the Japanese Army headquarters establishes the domination for the country’s politics, through its operation and foreign war decision-making mechanism controls and pushes forward the massive invading war lunched by the Japanese militarists in the period of “Fifteen Years of War” lies in the Meiji constitution system.This system derives the Army headquarters, endows it various privileges and advantageous position, makes it one of the important decision-makers of the system, thus causing the Army headquarters dominating the country’s politics and lunching the foreign invading war in the period of “Fifteen Years of War”.

　　KEY WORDS: The Army Headquarters; operation mechanism; foreign war decision-making; young staff officer; Meiji constitution system