学术期刊
2015年
《世界历史》2015年第6期
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目 录
·欧洲史·
从文化的视角剖析欧洲反美主义 /王晓德(4)
法国旧制度晚期奢侈论争中的等级、性别与政治 /汤晓燕(17)
博林布鲁克的宪政观和政党理论 /阎照祥(30)
·国际关系史·
肯尼迪政府时期美英在中东“相互依赖”战略分析——以也门危机为中心 /温强(41)
1976年板门店事件的缘起与美国的反应 /邓峰(52)
1969—1972年美日关于琉球群岛美军基地的谈判及其影响 /崔修竹(61)
·古代史·
狄奥尼索斯崇拜与雅典民主政治 /魏凤莲(74)
马丁·路德“发现”约翰·胡斯之过程探析 /曾祥敏(84)
·问题讨论·
再论“古代国家”、“早期国家”与“国家”——与王震中先生商榷 /易建平(95)
·学术史·
21世纪德国学界关于第一次世界大战责任和起源问题的讨论 /徐健(114)
历史时间与时间历史——基于雅克·勒高夫史学时间观的双重视角 /陈群志(123)
·史料与史学研究·
北美殖民地时期环境史研究中原始文献的甄别与使用 /赵万武(136)
·学界动态·
第四届世界史研究前沿论坛暨《世界历史》编委会扩大会议在哈尔滨举行 /宁凡(147)
中国世界中世纪史学会第八次代表大会暨学术研讨会在徐州召开 /赵辉兵 张文德(149)
·书讯·
《美国人才吸引战略与政策史研究》（151）
《英国十九世纪手工艺运动研究》（151）
《〈希腊志略〉〈罗马志略〉校注》（151）
CONTENTS No. 5
The Anti-Americanism in Europe: A Cultural Perspective /Wang Xiaode(4)
Hierarchy, Gender and Politics in the Debate on Luxury during the Ancien Regime /Tang Xiaoyan(17)
On Bolingbroke’s Theory of Constitutionalism and Party System /Yan Zhaoxiang(30)
On the “Mutual Dependence” of Britain and America during Kennedy’s Reign, with a Focus on the Yemen Civil War /Wen Qiang(41)
The Cause of the Panmunjom Axe Murder Incident in 1976 and the Reaction of the US /Deng Feng(52)
The Negotiations about American Military Bases in the Ryukyu Islands between the US and Japan in 1969-1972 and Their Influences /Cui Xiuzhu(61)
The Worship of Dionysus and Athenian Democracy /Wei Fenglian(74)
On Luther’s “Discovery” of Hus /Zeng Xiangmin(84)
On “Ancient State”, “Early State”, and “State” /Yi Jianping(95)
On the Discussion of the Responsibility for and Cause of the First World War in 21st Century Germany /Xu Jian(114)
The Historical Time and The History of Times: The Twofold Perspectives of Jacques Le Goff ‘s Historical Concept of Time /Chen Qunzhi(123)
The Discernment and Usage of Primary Documents in Environmental HistoryStudies of Colonial North America /Zhao Wanwu(136)
SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES
Wang Xiaode, The Anti-Americanism in Europe: A Cultural Perspective
Anti-Americanism, an indelible “shadow” haunting the relation between Europe and the US, was a century-old tradition in Europe. Fundamentally, it derived from the difficulty of European elites in accepting the US culturally. In the concept of European anti-Americanism, “Europe” became an ideological notion, rather than a geographical one, representing the civilization of Western Europe. The localism of anti-Americanism could be traced back to the sense of cultural superiority of Europeans, while the “international” nature of the US obviously drove European elites to turn this superiority into anti-American discourses and actual resistances. However, these “discourses” contained fictitious and unrealistic elements which have greatly influenced European public consciousness of the US.
Tang Xiaoyan, Hierarchy, Gender and Politics in the Debate on Luxury during the Ancien Regime
The “debate on luxury” in 18th century France was not only political, economic, and religious in nature, but was also gender-related. Compared with previous anti-luxury arguments, the criticism on the extravagance and corruption of aristocratic women, or even the aristocracy as a whole, was vehement. Aristocrats were considered as a group without merit and virtue, whose authority and legitimacy were strongly questioned. Under the guise of a gender-related issue, the debate inherited the classical tradition of abstemiousness and revealed the conflict between different social classes, mirroring the adversarial social-political situation. Behind the “debate on luxury” was the creaking ramshackle of the old hierarchical society at the dawn of the French Revolution.
Yan Zhaoxiang, On Bolingbroke’s Theory of Constitutionalism and Party System
The study of the political thought of Bolingbroke has long been insufficient. He has long been derided philosophically, and his theory of constitutionalism and the division of powers and their impacts were underestimated as well. Although his idea of a “no-party government” largely stems from his moaning over his failure in political conflict, it contains sparkling insights. The undertone of his “patriotic monarch” was an obscure pursuit provoked by the dissatisfactory political situation. However, its obscurity has led to its neglect and distortion. The reasons are complex: both the immaturity of the early British party system and the mainstream’s restricted understanding of political thoughts at a time of social transition contributed to the mistreatment of Bolingbroke’s thought. Moreover, the misbehavior in his early political life has also influenced the attitude and evaluation by later generations.
Wen Qiang, On the “Mutual Dependence” of Britain and America during Kennedy’s Reign, with a Focus on the Yemen Civil War
In the 1950s, in order to win the support of the US and reinforce its power in the Middle East, the Macmillan government proposed the strategy of “mutual dependence”. Although the Kennedy government principally acknowledged the proposal, it actually put more emphasis on adjusting its relation with Arab nationalism and containing the influence of the USSR on the Middle East. During the Yemen Civil War, the British government neither recognized the new republican government, nor sought to reconcile with Nasser. As a result, the American government lost patience and the dissonance between American and British Middle East policies became irreconcilable. The failure of “mutual dependence” was a result of the volatile situation in the Middle East and the disparity between the interests of Britain and the US. From the very beginning, the strategy was plagued by the predicament of how to balance the power and interests of allied countries. Hence, when a crisis（like the Yemen Civil War）occurred, national interests gained priority, and the failure of this strategy was ineluctable.
Deng Feng, The Cause of the Panmunjom Axe Murder Incident in 1976 and the Reaction of the US
After the Axe Murder Incident of August 1976, the Ford government assumed that the incident was a premeditated provocation of the DPRK without definitive evidence, hence it launched an aggressive reaction: the Operation Paul Bunyan. The reaction of American government was mainly determined by the international situation in the Asia-Pacific region, the influence of American presidential election, and the peaceful intention of the DPRK. In fact, the incident was a “contingence” in the long-term conflict between the US and the DPRK; it was caused by a series of operations of the US and South Korea. The stereotype of American policy makers about the DPRK blinded them to the responsibility of the American side and provided them with misinterpretations of the Korean side. Hence, the US often fell into quagmires in dealing with the security issue of the Korean Peninsula.
Cui Xiuzhu, The Negotiations about American Military Bases in the Ryukyu Islands between the US and Japan in 1969-1972 and Their Influences
During the negotiation process of the transfer of the administrative rights of the Ryukyu Islands, the US and Japan signed several confidential agreements related to the disposition of American military bases. Meanwhile, in order to ensure the the Americans the right to use the land of military bases, the Japanese government also reached understanding with the local union of military land landowners in Okinawa. The formulation of these agreements revealed changes in negotiation purposes and strategies of both sides, and reflected a correlation between Japan-American diplomatic negotiation and Japanese domestic politics. After the Okinawa Reversion the transfer of the odmininstrative rights, the function of American military bases in Ryukyu has barely changed, with almost all central areas of the bases retained. The relation between military bases in Ryukyu and American defense policy in the Korean Peninsula has also remained intact. Japan partly took over the defense responsibility of Ryukyu, which signified a new phase of the Japan-US security system.
Wei Fenglian, The Worship of Dionysus and Athenian Democracy
In the formation of Athenian democratic politics, the worship of Dionysus helped with the melting of boundaries and the enhancement of integrity. It reconciled the conflict between commoners and aristocrats and exerted a positive influence on the building of Athenian ideology. Before and after Solon’s reforms, there was a boom of Dionysus’ images on artifacts, like vases; the city Dionysia was established during the rule of Peisistratus; the dithyramb competitions were used by Cleisthenes as an important method to unite different clans. On the other hand, in the reinforcement and development of Athenian democracy, the city state made detailed stipulations on the practice of Dionysus worship. The city Dionysia hence became a major medium for the expression of ideology. In Athens, the worship of Dionysus and other religious practices coordinated consonantly with the politics of the city state.
Zeng Xiangmin, On Luther’s “Discovery” of Hus
As major figures in the Reformation, Luther and Hus were closely related. Luther first “encountered” the sermons of Hus in an Augustinian friary in Erfurt; then he was called a “new Hus” in the Leipzig Debate; later, he read Hus’ The Church and considered himself “Hussite”; finally, he facilitated the publication of The letters of John Hus and wrote the preface. Luther was initially shocked by the theology of Hus, but then delved into and accepted it, and eventually extolled and venerated Hus’ thought. Hus took the Bible as the ultimate authority, questioned the authority of the Roman Catholic Church in his works, and showed incredible faith and courage in his execution of these. Although Luther did not derive his idea of Reformation from Hus, the latter clearly heartened him.
Yi Jianping, On “Ancient State”, “Early State”, and “State”
This paper discusses a major difference in the theoretical foundation of the definition of “state” between Wang Zhenzhong and Yi Jianping. Wang used the word “ancient” to modify “state”, which is problematic. Firstly, his definition of “ancient state” as “the imperative power with monopolistic trait that overruled the whole society” cannot be supported by historical records. But according to his definition, the monopolistic and imperative power appeared in “modern states” instead of “ancient states”. Secondly, his interpretation of Claessen and Khazanov’s “early state” as “the early stage of ancient state” was inaccurate. In the periodization of social history, “early state” could appear in either the “ancient era” or the “medieval era”, or even in Wang’s “modern era”. Thirdly, Wang’s categorization of “state” discussed by Friedrich Engels, Max Weber, Morton H. Fried, Elman R. Service, Kent V. Flannery, Anthony Giddens, William T. Sanders, Robert L. Carneiro, and Jonathan Hass into “ancient state” was disputable. Generally speaking, what these scholars discussed was not specificcally the “ancient state”, but “state in general” in Wang’s term.
Xu Jian, On the Discussion of the Responsibility for and Cause of the First World War in 21st Century Germany
In the 1960s, the famous “Fischer thesis” and relevant debates ascribed “full responsibility” for the outbreak of the First World War to Germany. This position has been held for half a century. However, with changes in the economic and political status of Germany, the narrative mode of the First World War has gradually shifted from the “national narrative” to a “European narrative”. Several different views on the responsibility for the First World War have emerged in the academia. Theses such as “Germany and Austria having the major responsibility”, “Serbia taking a shared responsibility”, and “great powers taking the collective responsibility” have been commonly recognized. Researches on the causes of the First World War have become diversified as well. Scholars have started to focus on the pre-war psychological changes and activities of political and military figures in great powers, and to discuss whether the war could have been avoided. Based on the collection of latest literature relevant to these issues, this paper analyzes the new features and problems in researches on the responsibility for and cause of the First World War in 21st century Germany.
Chen Qunzhi, The Historical Time and The History of Times: The Twofold Perspectives of Jacques Le Goff’s Historical Concept of Time
Since Marc Bloch made the famous definition that history was “the science of men in time”, the historical concept of time of the Annales School has received much attention. Later, Fernand Braudel put forward the theory of multiple levels of time and “the long term (Longue durée)”, thus constructing a specific framework for the analysis of historical phenomena. Influenced by former historians, Jacques Le Goff made the concept of time a subject of historical studies. While Bloch and Braudel did not directly discuss time itself, Le Goff was different. On one hand, he explored the interaction between the past and the present, and explained how this theoretical process was updating the definition of contemporary historiography. On the other hand, he also studied the symbiotic or antagonistic relations among different forms of time existing simultaneously in the medieval economic, social and cultural structure, and revealed the evolutionary process of the concept of time during that period. It can be known from his works that time is not only the standard scale of historical thinking, but also is a particular subject in historical researches.
Zhao Wanwu, The Discernment and Usage of Primary Documents in Environmental History Studies of Colonial North America
Many witnesses of the North American colonization， including colonists, travelers, merchants, scholars, etc. , left a considerable amount of primary documents, such as journals, correspondences, travelling notes, land records, and commercial and governmental documents. With their reference to ecological and relevant social issues, they provide crucial resources for the research of environmental history. However, as these writers were restricted by their purposes, cultural biases, professional knowledge, and perspectives, some documents are disordered or flawed. Hence, in order to maximize the potential and to avoid the deficiency of these documents, researchers should scrutinize the records with reasonable interpretation.
《世界历史》2015年第5期
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·“重视失败者历史的研究”笔谈·
应重视“失败者历史”的研究 /张顺洪(4)
历史不应只由胜利者来书写和褒贬 /何怀宏(7)
“失败者历史”：一种历史研究和书写的主题取向 /张文涛(10)
撰写“失败者历史”意味着什么 /袁江洋(14)
失败者有自己的历史吗 /张旭鹏(16)
土著真是人类历史上的“失败者”吗 /朱利安·昆尼(19)
·欧洲史·
近代法国政府职能转变与谷物自由市场的建构 /周立红(23)
英国议会圈地投资中的个人权利 /徐滨(35)
19世纪伦敦东区：一个城市的“另类世界” /张卫良(52)
·美洲史·
自然权利观念与19世纪上半叶美国拥奴派的政治话语 /蔡萌(65)
邦联国会争取关税权的努力及其意义 /雷芳(75)
现代化战略与对外关系：波菲里奥·迪亚斯时期墨西哥外交政策 /孙若彦(86)
·古代史·
论古代埃及经济的特征 /金寿福(96)
赫梯基拉姆节日活动的仪式特征及其功能 /刘健(109)
论赫梯王国的流放政策 /蒋家瑜(120)
·学术史·
近代英国首部集体编纂的世界史初探 /张乃和(131)
20世纪80年代以来英美学界的殖民时期非洲史研究述评 /李鹏涛(138)
·学界动态·
美国历史学家组织年会在密苏里州圣路易斯召开 /胡晓进(151)
第七届东方外交史国际学术会议在俄罗斯克拉斯诺亚尔斯克召开 /郝葵(152)
“日本现代化进程中的社会、思想与文化”学术研讨会在成都召开 /许晓光(154)
·书讯·
《孟加拉国政治发展与民族问题研究》（108）
《冷战史研究档案资源导论》（130）
CONTENTS No. 5
The Transformation of Government Functions and the Creation of a Free Grain Market in Modern
France /Zhou Lihong(23)
Individual Rights in the English Parliamentary Enclosures /Xu Bin(35)
East London in the Nineteenth Century:The “Alien World” of a City /Zhang Weiliang(52)
The Notion of Natural Rights and the Political Discourse of Pro-slavery Americans in the First
Half of the Nineteenth Century /Cai Meng(65)
The Tariff Reform of the Confederate States of America and Its Significance /Lei Fang(75)
On the Diplomatic Policy of the Mexican Porfirio Díaz Government /Sun Ruoyan(86)
On the Characteristics of Ancient Egyptian Economy /Jin Shoufu(96)
On the Ritualized Nature of the Hittite KI. LAM Festival /Liu Jian(109)
On the Penalty of Exile in the Hittite Kingdom /Jiang Jiayu(120)
A Preliminary Investigation into the First English Work on World History /Zhang Naihe(131)
A Review of Euro-American Scholars' Studies of the History of Colonial Africa /Li Pengtao(138)
SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES
Zhou Lihong, The Transformation of Government Functions and the Creation of a Free Grain Market
in Modern France
From the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire, the French government gradually abandoned its
supervision of grain circulation, which greatly contributed to the formation of a free grain
market during the 1860s. This process was not a mere deregulation; instead, it represented a
transformation of government functions. First, the practice of abrupt government intervention
in the grain market was ended, the authority of grain supply distributed to local
administrations and bakers, and the grain prices left to the regulation by tariff or
intermediaries, such as the Caisse. Second, by ceding its power, the government stimulated
agricultural production and railway construction through macro-control, legal protection, and
financial support, laying the foundation for the formation of an integrated national grain
market. It was a turning point in the relationship between market and government in French
history, representing the budding of a “French model” of market-government relationship and
paving the way for a stable network in the regulation of grain production and circulation after
the World War II.
Xu Bin, Individual Rights in the English Parliamentary Enclosures
The English Parliamentary Enclosures mainly occurred in the Midlands during the period of 1750
-1850. In principle, the practice of the English Parliamentary Enclosures was in accordance
with the individual rights and was legalized by ad hoc acts. In particular, land allotment and
benefit compensation were conducted on the basis of the rights of property owners, and the
investment fund of enclosure was also raised and shared in the same fashion. During the process
of enclosure, the rights and interests of property owners and farmers were generally protected.
Meanwhile, the enclosure was a massive agricultural investment, its capital being collected
from savings, land sales, and loans of property owners. After the enclosures, the public rights
of land disappeared, and definitive individual property rights came to be established. As a
result, the transformation of land property system and utilization methods was accomplished in
England, and the efficiency of agricultural resources boosted, providing the basis for
agricultural modernization.
Zhang Weiliang, East London in the Nineteenth Century:The “Alien World” of a City
East London was an integral part of London. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, East
London was denigrated by medical officers, journalists, writers, social critics, moralists, and
preachers as a place of poverty, crowdedness, filth, illness, degradation, crime, and moral
degeneration-literally an “alien world”. As a matter of fact, however, a major industrial
transformation occurred in the mid-18th century in East London, contributing to the prosperity
of navigation and manufacture, while the decline occurred in the mid-19th century, resulting in
a host of social problems. Moreover, land property of manors, public administration, urban
infrastructure, and immigrants exacerbated existing problems. Compared with other metropolitan
districts, East London was not “alien”. There were objective reasons behind this phenomenon.
Cai Meng, The Notion of Natural Rights and the Political Discourse of Pro-slavery Americans in
the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
There was a subtle yet complicated relation between the notion of natural rights and the
political discourse of pro-slavery Americans in the first half of the 19th century. On the one
hand, Natural Rights practitioners advocated egalitarian principles and a rebellious spirit,
which undermined the existence of the southern slavery system. On the other hand, the notion of
Natural Rights became an important ideological bolster of the slavery system as well after
being reinterpreted by pro-slavery Americans. The latter insisted on an irrevocable hierarchy
in the concept of nature, using “scientific research results” to compromise the idea of
universal equality and arguing, instead, for the superiority of the southern slavery system.
Furthermore, pro-slavery Americans made a distinction between “individual people” and
“collective people”, remolding “the right to rebel” into the right of states to rebel
against the union, instead of the right of individuals to rebel against the government. Hence,
the legitimacy of slave rebellion was repudiated, while the states' right was theoretically
approved.
Lei Fang, The Tariff Reform of the Confederate States of America and Its Significance
While the right to levy taxes was necessary for sustaining modern sovereign states, the
Congress of the Confederate States of America was limited by lacking this right. In order to
ameliorate its financial situation, the Confederate Congress initiated a tariff reform. It
aimed at enhancing the power of the Confederate government by granting it the right to collect
tariffs. However, the reform was finally thwarted by resistance. However, despite of the
failure, it represented an early attempt to reform the framework of the Constitution of the
Confederate States of America to win for the national government the right to levy taxes,
especially on importation. Thus, it came to be an important part of the early American state
building process.
Sun Ruoyan, On the Diplomatic Policy of the Mexican Porfirio Díaz Government
The diplomatic policy of the Mexican Porfirio Díaz government (1876-1911)was significant in the
modernization of Mexico. While his policy did not remain unchanged, it was not an
undifferentiated concession of national interests to the great powers as well. Under the
guidance of positivism, Díaz and his fellow “scientists” adopted the policy of inviting
foreign capital during his second term. Unfortunately, his over-reliance on foreign factors led
him into the betrayal of national interests, which incurred the dissatisfaction of people and
the revolution in 1910, resulting in the fall of his regime. Although he strived to find an
equilibrium between the European and American powers, the recession of European influence and
the rise of the American strength dictated that such a balance was unattainable.
Jin Shoufu, On the Characteristics of Ancient Egyptian Economy
In the field of ancient history, publications on the economic problems have gradually and
steadly grown. This is also the case in Egyptology. Some scholars try to explain the ancient
Egyptian economy with modern theories of economics, while others intend to find ancient
Egyptian proofs for modern theories. This article examines ancient Egyptian economy in light of
the theory of “redistribution” put forward by Polany, and comes to the conclusion that
redistribution was not practiced nationwide and thus did not play a decisive role. In the
opinion of those who approve the theory of redistribution, trade played a negligible role in
ancient Egypt. Using written and other materials, the author tries to reveal that the ancient
Egyptians carried out multiple profit-oriented activities, and relevant markets had existed
from the Old Kingdom on and was supervised and protected by the administrative authority. We
have at present limited documents on ancient Egyptian economy, but the author is of the opinion
that ancient Egyptian economy was generally at a primitive stage, with some elements comparable
to modern economy.Liu Jian, On the Ritualized Nature of the Hittite KI. LAM Festival
The rulers of the powerful Hittite Kingdom dominating central and southeastern Anatolia as well
as northern Syria between the 17th-12th centuries BC tried to consolidate their rule in several
ways. Among these were celebrations, ceremonial rites, and festivals, which played an important
role. This article focuses on one of the Hittite major national festivals, i. e. KI. LAM
Festival. Tracing its textual composition and history, this paper aims to reconstruct its
celebration procedures and its ritualized nature in comparison with and contrast to other
contemporaneous national festivals. It concludes that the festival and other national festivals
were utilized by the Hittite rulers to showcase their legitimacy, authority, and power.
Jiang Jiayu, On the Penalty of Exile in the Hittite Kingdom
In the Hittite Kingdom, exile, developed from a punishment of royal members to a national
policy, was an important penalty for political prisoners. Categorically, it falls into three
types:“confinement”, which alleviated the conflict among royal members, serving to strengthen
the power of the kings; “imprisonment”, which ensured the functioning of the administrative
system, balancing the central power with local power; and “banishment”, which served to
maintain the stability of the royal family and the entire society. The exile policy had its
limitations, and its results were often transitory and provisionary, but it was nonetheless
conducive to the consolidation of the kingdom.
Zhang Naihe, A Preliminary Investigation into the First English Work on World History
Published between 1736 and 1766 in London, An Universal History:From the Earliest Account of
Time to the Present, was the first work on world history compiled collectively in modern
Britain. The monumental work was divided into two parts, consisting of 22 and 44 volumes
respectively. It features a nation state orientation, a global perspective, and secularism in
outlook. The book, also referred to as The English Universal History(EUH), did not only have a
great impact on Europe at the time of its publication, but also resulted in profound
reverberations:the proposal, design, compilation, and publication of The Cambridge Ancient
History, The Cambridge Medieval History, and The Cambridge Modern History(initially named as “
Universal History” too)were similar to those of the EUH. As some scholars point out,
notwithstanding a recent return of universal history, this book is still noteworthy.
Li Pengtao, A Review of Euro-American Scholars' Studies of the History of Colonial Africa
Reflecting on the “nationalist historiography” paradigm of the 1960-70s, Euro-American
studies of the colonial Africa from the 1980s onwards have started to reexamine the complex
relationship between colonization and social transition. Relevant studies mainly focus on the
nature and essence of colonial states, the relations between colonial rule and African social
transition, the internal relations between African social transition and decolonization, the
impact of colonial history on African development, etc. The studies indicate that as the social
structure was altered by ethnicity, customary law, indirect rule, and the forced labor system,
the colonization actually caused drastic social changes in Africa. Meanwhile, the social
changes reshaped the perception and policy of the colonists, providing an important background
for the understanding of decolonization.
《世界历史》2015年第4期
查看详细目 录
·“纪念世界反法西斯战争胜利七十周年”笔谈·
世界大战、集体安全与人类文明的进步 /徐蓝(4)
中国抗战开启了中华民族复兴的新征程 /胡德坤(8)
第二次世界大战与欧洲联合运动的兴起 /姜南(12)
重温德国前总统魏茨泽克的反思演讲 /景德祥(16)
“安倍历史观”的特征及其影响 /乔林生(20)
·欧洲史·
从“领地国家”到“税收国家”：中世纪晚期法国君主征税权的确立 /熊芳芳(24)
革命节日的空间构建与意识形态教化——以“法兰西共和国统一不可分割节”为中心 /洪庆明(37)
“入侵”与“解放”背景下的革命——美因茨共和国的历史解读 /王涛(47)
·北美史·
北美早期印第安人社会对外来传染病的反应和调适 /丁见民(59)
美国劳动骑士团种族政策再探讨 /王心扬(69)
·亚太史·
日本战国时期村落与大名权力关系考论——以16世纪近畿地区菅浦村债务问题为例 /钱静怡(80)
日本“江户三学”中的中国认识辨析 /赵德宇(88)
《怀唐伊条约》与“主权让与”问题 /汪诗明(101)
· 古代史·
古典时代雅典私人钱庄与海上贸易融资 /陈思伟(114)
伊索克拉底的《泛希腊集会辞》与泛希腊主义 /何珵(126)
·书评·
语境主义、公众意见与美国政治史研究的新趋势——读埃里克·方纳著《火的考验：林肯与美国奴隶制》 /杜华(139)
权利视野下美国史研究的新尝试——评刘军著《美国公民权利观念的发展》 /于留振(148)
·学界动态·
“第一次世界大战一百周年”国际学术研讨会在京召开 /管世琳(151)
中国世界近代史研究会2014年年会在西安举行 /聂文(153)
首都师大举办第三届国际关系史青年学者论坛 /刘京 艾亚迪(155)
CONTENTS No.4
From “Manor” to “Tax State”: The Power to Tax of French Monarchs in the Late Middle Ages /Xiong Fangfang(24)
The Construction and Ideological Inoculation of Revolutionary Festivals-A Case Study of “The Festival of Unity and Indivisibility” /Hong Qingming(37)
A Revolution in the Context of “Invasion” and “Liberation”: A Historical Analysis of the Republic of Mainz /Wang Tao(47)
The Reaction and Adjustment of Native American Communities to the Invasion of Foreign Infectious Diseases /Ding Jianmin(59)
On the Racial Policies of the Knights of Labor /Wang Xinyang(69)
On the Power Relationship between Villages and Daimyos in the Sengoku Period: The Debt Problem of Sugaura Village in Kinki Region in the 16th Century in View /Qian Jingyi(80)
The Image of China among the “Three Schools” of the Edo Period /Zhao Deyu(88)
The Treaty of Waitangi and the “Transfer of Sovereignty” /Wang Shiming(101)
Private Banks in Athens and the Financing of the Maritime Trade in Classical Antiquity /Chen Siwei(114)
Isocrates' Panegyricus and Pan-Hellenism /He Cheng(126)
SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES
Xiong Fangfang, From “Manor” to “Tax State”: The Power to Tax of French Monarchs in the Late Middle Ages
The late Middle Ages witnessed the transition of France from a “manor” to a “tax state”, facilitated by a combination of three elements: the theoretical support provided by political philosophers and jurists, the practical feasibility ensured by old conventions, and the resignation of the power to tax from the Estate General to the Crown.Since the 1430s, the “consent tax” which required the approval of the Estate General was replaced by the “royal tax” enforced solely by the Crown.This means that the change and innovation in taxation and administrative system in the late Middle Ages essentially transformed the societal basis and operational mode of medieval society.
Hong Qingming, The Construction and Ideological Inoculation of Revolutionary Festivals-A Case Study of “The Festival of Unity and Indivisibility”
The mushrooming of new festivals featured the decade of the French Revolution.“The Festival of Unity and Indivisibility” held in August 10, 1793, was a widely celebrated one.It accompanied the transition from revolution to terrorism, a direct outcome of the crisis of revolution.However, it was far more than a review and conciliation of historical conflicts: it not only helped the political authority to construct a narrative to legitimize the ideology of revolution, but also contained transcendent implications-the ideal of a national “revival”.This paper studies the specific festival, describes its background and process, analyzes its ideological significance, and locates it in the context of the political economy of the revolution as a whole.It aims at providing a perspective on the subtle and complicated interrelation between concrete cases, historical developments, and political-cultural circumstances during the decade of revolution.
Wang Tao, A Revolution in the Context of “Invasion” and “Liberation”: A Historical Analysis of the Republic of Mainz
During the French Revolution, the Jacobins in Mainz established an ephemeral republic under the military support of French revolutionaries.The short-livedness of this attempt was closely related to the influence of the French Revolution.As the Republic of Mainz (Mainzer Republik) was realized by the interference of France, a context of “invasion and liberation” was indispensable to the understanding of the Jacobins' action and the republic's history.As a result of the expansion of the French Revolution, the Republic of Mainz was pervaded by French elements, thusly having a fate prefigured by the revolution.Moreover, the complexity of German history is also revealed by a review of the brief history of the republic.
Ding Jianmin, The Reaction and Adjustment of Native American Communities to the Invasion of Foreign Infectious Diseases
Since Columbus's “discovery” of the New Continent in 1492, Europeans and Africans started to immigrate to North America.As a result, the social and ecological circumstances of native Americans were drastically changed by pathogenic microbes carried along with these immigrants.But the natives did not accept the doom passively and reacted in ways based on their own natural and cultural strength.After an initial spell of terror and despair, they tried to ward off the diseases with traditional therapies.Furthermore, they observed and learned certain therapeutic methods and procedures from the White community, and creatively absorbed and internalized them into Indian traditions and cultures.
Wang Xinyang, On the Racial Policies of the Knights of Labor
The Knights of Labor (KOL) was one of the strongest labor unions in the U.S.in the 1880-90s.It was commonly held that the racial policies of KOL-the acceptance of black people and the repulsion of the Chinese-was ethnically determined.However, surveying the three factors (the anxiety of employment, the racial bias, and the awareness of social class) and their interrelations, this paper discovers that the policies were in fact geographically determined.In the West and South, competition for employment exacerbated the extant racial prejudices of the white KOL members, resulting in discriminations against the blacks in the South, and the exclusion of Chinese workers in the West.Meanwhile, the “knights” of the Northeast were more sensitive to class differentiations.They, to some extent, overcame the racial discrimination and were able to work and live together with the Chinese immigrants.
Qian Jingyi, On the Power Relationship between Villages and Daimyos in the Sengoku Period: The Debt Problem of Sugaura Village in Kinki Region in the 16th Century in View
During the Sengoku Period (1467-1590), the daimyos established their regional authorities throughout Japan, giving rise to a host of maturing social organizations at the village level.Hence, a study of the relations between the daimyo and village would shed light on the socio-political construction of this period.Recent Japanese research has mainly emphasized the autonomy of villages, insisting on a “contractual” perspective in defining and describing the power relationship.This paper reflects on this stance, and takes the power relation between the Sugaura village and the daimyo of Azai clan as a specific case by looking into the former's successive delays of tributary payment.It holds that the daimyos were predominant in the power relation, while their governance was based on negotiations with the villagers.Additionally, the administrative system “souson” (the municipality of village) strengthened the control of daimyos over villages.
Zhao Deyu, The Image of China among the “Three Schools” of the Edo Period
The former sovereign status of Chinese teachings were unprecedentedly questioned, even despised and scolded by the scholars of Japanese Confucianism, the Kokugaku (national learning), and the Rangaku (Dutch studies).With disparate aims and idioms, scholars of different schools formed different views on China: the Japanese neo-Confucians were characterized by a nostalgic criticism of the present; the Kokugaku scholars were overwhelmed by irrational nationalism; and the Rangaku scholars represented utilitarian pragmatism.They shared a consensus, however, in their interpretations, which eventually gave birth to a unified theory for the encroachment on China.The images of China formed among the “three schools” have persisted until the modern era, shaping the Japanese understanding of and action toward China and the Chinese.
Wang Shiming, The Treaty of Waitangi and the “Transfer of Sovereignty”
The Treaty of Waitangi (1840) was signed between the British colonizers and the Maori.With their historical-cultural differences and unbalanced power status, the two versions (English and Maori) of the treaty disaccorded severely in the formulation and interpretation of crucial terms.The British colonizers maintained that the document essentially gave Britain sovereignty over New Zealand, while the Maori firmly believed that they just partly relinquished the right of governance in return for protection.From a historical and legal perspective, the assertion of the British was ungrounded.The lack of competitors in colonization, and the comparatively high level of development of the Maori society and its peaceful relationship with the White immigrants encouraged Britain to adopt a gradual and mild policy in the colonization of New Zealand.
Chen Siwei, Private Banks in Athens and the Financing of the Maritime Trade in Classical Antiquity
Private banks were important in the financing of the maritime trade of Athens in the 4th B.C.Compared with individual investors, they were more abundant in reserves, adroit in risk avoidance, and experienced in loan granting.In practice, banks firstly attracted merchants to deposit their idle funds.They then recruited expert navigators as agents, who were financed by them to take charge of related duties.Although organizations of these primitive banks and their present descendants varied greatly, research indicates that private banks at that time were professional lenders who performed complicated economic activities and an important role in the economic life of the city-state and individuals.
He Cheng, Isocrates' Panegyricus and Pan-Hellenism
Pan-Hellenism in Isocrates' Panegyricus advocated the unison, instead of unity of different city-states, which was different from but compatible with the “Athens-centric” doctrine.During the Greek-Persian war, when Athens and Sparta formed an alliance, Pan-Hellenism was frequently emphasized.However, for Isocrates, “Athens-centricism” was more practical in the advocacy of Athens' leadership.He used this notion to compete with Sparta, to gather momentum in the restoration of Athenian imperialism, and to corroborate the moral, social, and historical legitimacy of the supremacy of Athens.
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《世界历史》2015年第3期
查看详细目录
·中外关系史·
明末清初琉球的朝贡贸易与其多重认同观的形成 /尤淑君(4)
乾隆时期清朝与中亚哈萨克部的贸易关系再探讨 /陈东杰(20)
“五王”与“四天子”说：一种“世界观念”在亚欧大陆的流动 /王永平(30)
·欧美史·
强制爱国：“百分之百美国主义”下的德裔移民 /伍斌(40)
20世纪初美国扩张主义者的“文明身份”意识与仲裁观 /刘义勇(50)
英国牛瘟与政府干预（1745—1758） /任有权(66)
·国际关系史·
哲拉德事件与驻日美军司法管辖权处理 /孔晨旭(77)
南海九小岛事件与中法日之间的交涉 /郭渊(87)
· 古代史·
米利都与波斯：专制帝国中地方共同体的地位 /晏绍祥(98)
古埃及国王的献祭仪式及其社会功能 /郭子林(113)
· 研究述评·
罗马边疆研究在西方的兴起与发展 /冯定雄(124)
从精英到大众的政治史：英国史学界对凯特起义的研究 /刘博(136)
·书评·
对美国早期外交史的深度解读——读王晓德新著《美国外交的奠基时代（1776—1860）》 /孙建党(146)
·学界动态·
中国人民大学举办“什么是世界史”学术研讨会 /大庆(151)
“德国史学术前沿与中国德国史学科建设”学术研讨会在长沙召开 /罗衡林 苏文彪(153)
CONTENTS No.3
The Formation of the Dual Identity of the Ryukyu Kingdom and Its Tributary and Commercial Relations in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties /You Shujun(4)
The Commercial Relation between Qianlong Government and the Kazakh Khanate /Chen Dongjie(20)
“Five Kings” and “Four Emperors”:The Transmission of the “Concept of the World” among Eurasia /Wang Yongping(30)
Coercive Patriotism: German Immigrants and “One Hundred Percent Americanism” /Wu Bin(40)
American Expansionists' Role of “Civilized Nations” and Their Attitudes to Arbitration in the Early 20th Century /Liu Yiyong(50)
The English Cattle Plague and the Government Intervention, 1745-1758 /Ren Youquan(66)
The Girard Incident and the Jurisdictional Authority over the United States Forces Japan /Kong Chenxu(77)
The Spratly Islands Affair and the Negotiations among China, France and Japan /Guo Yuan(87)
Miletus and Persia: The Position of a Local Community in a Despotic Empire /Yan Shaoxiang(98)
The Offering Ritual of the King in Ancient Egypt and Its Social Functions /Guo Zilin(113)
The Rise and Development of Roman Frontier Studies in the Western Academia /Feng Dingxiong(124)
A Political History from the Elite to the Mass: British Historians' Researches on Kett's Rebellion /Liu Bo(136)
SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES
You Shujun, The Formation of the Dual Identity of the Ryukyu Kingdom and Its Tributary and Commercial Relations in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties
After the establishment of a tributary relation with the Ming dynasty, the Ryukyu Kingdom profited via the tributary and commercial system of East and Southeast Asia, which instigated the greed of Satsuma Domain.Being aware of the invasion of Ryukyu and the limitation of its strength, the Ming dynasty took a policy of “decennial tribute” to exclude disguised Japanese from Ryukyu embassies.In order to maintain the normal trade with China and relieve the financial difficulty, Ryukyu government concealed the extortion by Satsuma and its dual subordination status both to China and Japan, and repeatedly petitioned for the abolition of this policy.In the early Qing dynasty, although Ryukyu firstly sent embassies to the southern Ming government, it then turned to the Qing dynasty.As a result, the tributary and commercial relationship was maintained, as well as the autonomy of Ryukyu, to some extent.In sum, changes in international relations in East Asia were resulted from strategies taken by different nations in protecting their selfinterests.
Chen Dongjie, The Commercial Relation between Qianlong Government and the Kazakh Khanate
The trade between China and the Kazakh Khanate during Qianlong's reign is an extensively discussed topic in the academia.It is commonly believed that the trade was a “special offer” to the Kazakh Khanate provided by the Qing government and the trade was in fact a “tie” (binding or control).However, researches from the single perspective of the Qing government are prone to overestimate the restrictiveness of this “tie”.Firstly, tea, as a crucial element for the central government to control nomads, never appeared in the trade with the Kazakhs.Secondly, some neglect the initiative of the Kazakhs, taking them as mere recipients of the “tie” policy.Hence, the lack of deep analysis of the historical context results in a biased categorization of the trade.
Wang Yongping, “Five Kings” and “Four Emperors”:The Transmission of the “Concept of the World” among Eurasia
Akhbār alSīn wa'lHind, an ancient Arabian document, records a conversation between an Arabian merchant and a Chinese emperor, discussing rulers and religions (Islam, Christianity, Buddhism) around the world.Such records are abundant in ancient Arabian literature, mainly depicting a picture of “five kings”: the king of Iraq located at the center, encircled by the kings of China, Turks, India, and Byzantine.It demonstrates the ancient Arabian people's view of the world.Coincidentally, similar legends of “four emperors” were prevalent among ancient India, Central Asia, and China.The idea originated in India, reflecting the world concept of ancient Indian Buddhism.It not only envisioned that the world was governed by the lord of human, the lord of horse, the lord of treasure, and the lord of elephant, who corresponded to China, Turks, Byzantine, and India respectively, while India was the center of the world; but also influenced legends in Central Asia and China.The Arabian “five kings” and Indian “four emperors” indicate that there was mutual influence between the ideology of ancient Mesopotamia and ancient India.Actually, it illustrated the transmission of a “concept of the world” among Eurasia.
Wu Bin, Coercive Patriotism: German Immigrants and “One Hundred Percent Americanism”
At the beginning of WWI, the support of German immigrants for their motherland incurred a widespread repulsion of mainstream American society, who had formerly viewed GermanAmericans as an exemplary group of immigrants.The extreme theory of “One Hundred Percent Americanism” was widely accepted, and German immigrants became direct victims of its practice.Their constitutional rights were ignored, and fundamental human rights were even trampled.It not only severely damaged the subsistence of German culture in the U.S., but also reflected the relativity and limitation of civil rights in a country where the notion of freedom and democracy prevailed.
Liu Yiyong, American Expansionists' Role of “Civilized Nations” and Their Attitudes to Arbitration in the Early 20th Century
Coexisting and prevailing in the early 20th century America, expansionism and “Arbitrationism” (the belief in international arbitration) were two contradictory yet compatible views on the international order.Consequently, views of different expansionists on arbitration reflected this consistency and incongruity.These views were largely influenced and shaped by the holders' understanding of the role of “civilized nations”.Specifically, Alfred T.Mahan, an ardent advocator of “the clash of civilizations”, firmly opposed arbitration; Theodore Roosevelt, who held an optimistic view on the “lineal progression of civilizations”, supported arbitration with reservation; Lyman Abbott, believing in the union of “civilized nations”, vehemently propagated arbitration.Generally speaking, their understanding was parochial and snobbish, even mingled with a strong sense of superiority.As a result, their perception of nations with different cultures and in various levels of development was distorted.Hence they failed to support and sustain arbitration consistently.
Ren Youquan, The English Cattle Plague and the Government Intervention, 1745-1758
The 18th century witnessed the recurrences of cattle plague in England, including the most severe and persistent one in the middle of the century.It damaged agricultural production and trade, and exacerbated the conflict between agriculture and manufacture.Under the pressure of manufacturers, the English government repealed the injunction against the importation of Irish cattle.Faced with the plague, the government responded with active intervention and instituted many measures to minimize the impact.However, faults in management and limits on conditions resulted in unsatisfactory outcomes and the ultimate failure.
Kong Chenxu, The Girard Incident and the Jurisdictional Authority over the United States Forces Japan
In the 1950s, a special period when the adjustment of JapanAmerican relations occurred, the Eisenhower government tactfully resolved the conflict between the Girard incident and the jurisdictional authority over the United States Forces Japan (USFJ), and thus gained the confidence and alliance of Japan and avoided adverse influence on the image of the United States Forces in Asia.The decision of the U.S.government indicated that 1), the demand of the Japanese government on a new JapanAmerican alliance and the fury of the Japanese public on the brutal incident were external factors causing the U.S.armed forces to try to resolve the case via stereotypical procedures and its complication; 2), the reluctance of American decision makers in granting Japan the jurisdictional authority over the USFJ was the major cause of the incident's complication; 3), the opinions of the Congressmen and the public contributed to the ambivalent attitude of the U.S.government.
Guo Yuan, The Spratly Islands Affair and the Negotiations among China, France and Japan
In the 1930s, in order to control the South China Sea, France government occupied some of the Spratly Islands, resulting in two disparate negotiations between China and France, and China and Japan.Due to its weak national strength, despite that the Republic of China government had solid evidence, it could not but postpone the discussion over this issue, foreshadowing the Spratly Islands dispute between China and Vietnam.On the other hand, the expansion of Japan to the Spratly Islands collided with the interest of France.As a result, they ignored the request of China, and formed an adjusted relation of “coexistence” in the South China Sea.Nevertheless, their temporary control could not provide historical or legal foundation for resolving the territory dispute.This affair reflected the distribution and fluctuation of strengths of the great powers in the South China Sea and Southeast Asia.
Yan Shaoxiang, Miletus and Persia: The Position of a Local Community in a Despotic Empire
Based on the ancient Persian and Greek literature, this paper probes into the relations between Miletus and the central government of the Persian Empire, suggesting that Miletus's position was not reduced dramatically under Cyrus and Cambyses compared with that under Lydia.It was basically an autonomous local community.Although under Darius, the Persians might have intervened in the local politics more frequently, which might have contributed to the revolt of Miletus in 499 B.C., but it remained an internally autonomous community, to some extent.A survey of Asia Minor, Phoenicia, and Cyprus under the Achaemenids indicates that the political strategy of the Persian Empire is very similar to that of the Roman Empire.The Persian Kings' political philosophy was to control the upper politics, ensuring their supervision of the higher magistrates and the governors of the satrapies on one hand, while allowing the local communities to administer their own business on the other hand.It was both a reasonable response to historical circumstances and an embodiment of their political wisdom.
Guo Zilin, The Offering Ritual of the King in Ancient Egypt and Its Social Functions
The Offering Ritual of the King was a set of very important phenomena in ancient Egypt, which comprised of the celebration ritual of victory, daily offering rituals to gods and royal ancestors, and even the deification ritual of the king.As a perfect complex of religious and secular aspects, this kind of rituals played very great roles in the practice and survival of kingship during the history of ancient Egypt.Those rituals, along with sculptures and inscriptions on the walls of temples, broadcasted the idea that the king, the royal family, and even their ruling were divine throughout the country, especially propagandized and emphasized the king's military and religious power, and finally enhanced the national identity and solidarity among different social levels.
Feng Dingxiong, The Rise and Development of Roman Frontier Studies in the Western Academia
Roman Frontier Studies (RFS) in the western academia started relatively late, and relevant studies were not systematic until the first half of the 20th century.In the middle of the 20th century, RFS has emerged as a subdiscipline.The rise of RFS is germane to the collection, categorization, and archaeological investigation of Roman frontier inscriptions.The RFS international conference, regularly held between 1949 and 2012, not only presented the latest research results, but also played a very important role in the development of the subdiscipline.Furthermore, the burgeon of academic worksregional or comprehensiveon the Roman frontier, and the diversity of relevant theories has greatly prompted the development of RTS and indicated new academic trends.Meanwhile, interdisciplinary and comparative studies of the frontiers of Rome and other contemporaneous powers has also characterized the new era.
Liu Bo, A Political History from the Elite to the Mass: British Historians' Researches on Kett's Rebellion
Kett's Rebellion in 1549 is an everlasting topic among British historians.With the progress of time, the finding of new records, and the application of new methods, researches proceeds as well.The research perspective has transformed from “downwards” to “upwards”; the methodology has developed from “political” to “social”.This paper provides a comprehensive description and evaluation of the characteristics of times, major researchers and arguments of the British historical academia in the vicinity of Kett's Rebellion, in the hope of shedding some light on Chinese scholars' studies of foreign peasant wars.
《世界历史》2015年第2期
查看详细目 录
·美洲史·
美国马里兰州的精明增长政策 /孙群郎(4)
约翰·霍姆斯与加拿大中等国家外交思想和实践 /钱皓(15)
对阿根廷考迪罗的文化解析——以曼努阿尔·德·罗萨斯为例 /潘芳(25)
·欧洲史·
拿破仑统治时期的莱茵邦联改革运动 /邢来顺 韦红(35)
英国工业化时期的犯罪问题及其社会成因 /许志强(48)
·亚洲史·
华夷秩序扩大化与朝鲜、日本之间相互认识的偏差——以庚寅朝鲜通信日本为例 /刘永连 谢祥伟(60)
甲午战争期间日本的军费筹支 /崔金柱(69)
近代日本农本主义与亚洲主义的关联性——以“中国通”长野朗的思想为中心 /刘峰(78)
·古代史·
古希腊体育竞技中的裸体习俗探析 /王大庆(88)
塞拉麦涅斯与公元前5世纪末的雅典政治 /徐松岩(99)
洛林吉亚国王罗退尔二世离婚风波迭起的历史动因 /朱君杙(109)
·学术史·
查尔斯·比尔德的美国外交史学述论 /曲升(120)
欧洲思想史研究范式转换的学术路径 /李宏图(135)
·学术访谈·
法国大革命中的“极中派”——巴黎索邦大学皮埃尔·塞尔纳教授访谈录 /潘丹(144)
·学界动态·
“东亚基督教与冷战”国际学术研讨会综述 /陈铃(150)
“美国宪法史研究的新视野”学术研讨会综述 /于留振 徐扬(152)
“两岸学者共话·世界史”论坛综述 /李杨(154)
·书讯·
《现代欧洲思想史——新评价和新视角》（98）
《历史语境中的市场——现代世界的思想与政治》（98）
《二战前日本农业问题与政党内阁的农业政策研究》（108）
CONTENTS
The Smart Growth Policy of Maryland State /Sun Qunlang(4)
John Holmes and the Theory and Practice of Canadian Diplomacy as a Middle Power /Qian Hao(15)
A Cultural Analysis of Argentine Caudillos: The Example of Manuel de Rosas /Pan Fang(25)
The Reform of the Confederation of the Rhine in the Napolionic Era /Xing Laishun, Wei Hong(35)
Crime Problem and Its Social Causes during the Period of British Industrialization /Xu Zhiqiang(48)
Korean and Japanese Mutual Perception Deviations against the Backdrop of the Enlargement of the Hua-yi Order /Liu Yonglian, Xie Xiangwei(60)
The Financial Mobilization of Japan during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 /Cui Jinzhu(69)
The Correlation between the Physiocracy and Asianism of Japan: The Thought of Akira Nagano /Liu Feng(78)
On the Nudism in Competitive Sports in Ancient Greece /Wang Daqing(88)
Theramenes and the Athenian Politics in the late 5th Century B.C. /Xu Songyan(99)
The Historical Reasons for a Series of Disturbance Incurred by the Divorce of Lothar II, the King of Lotharingia /Zhu Junyi(109)
On Charles ABeards Historiography on the History of American Diplomacy /Qu Sheng(120)
How to Understand the Changing Paradigms of Intellectual History /Li Hongtu(135)
SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES
Sun Qunlang, The Smart Growth Policy of Maryland State
The low density sprawls of American metropolises have resulted in severe economic, social, and ecological consequencesThus, in the 1970s, there was a drastic change in the ethics of development of the U.S., and a growth management and smart growth movement began.In order to solve relevant problems which were also afflicting other states, Maryland state implemented the first “smart growth” code in the history of America, which was also the first code mainly resorting to incentive mechanism.It attracted the immediate attention of the American and foreign departments and scholars concerned.However, lacking mandatory regulations, the effect of the code was limited.
Qian Hao, John Holmes and the Theory and Practice of Canadian Diplomacy as a Middle Power
After the Second World War, there were extensive theoretical discussions among the Canadian academic and political circles on whether there were independent patterns for middle powers to follow during the competition and conflict of great powers, and whether it is possible for middle powers to have independent insistences in the political system of great powers.As an officer and scholar, who had worked in the Department of External Affairs and the Canadian Institute of International Affairs, John Holmes made a distinctive contribution.This paper analyzes the individual contribution of John Holmes to the construction, practice, and inheritance of the diplomatic thought of Canada as a middle power, in order to provide a view on the role of Canada in the international affairs and its challenge to the political system of traditional great powers.
Pan Fang, A Cultural Analysis of Argentine Caudillos: The Example of Manuel de Rosas
In the social development of Argentina, “Caudillo” is a sensitive and controversial topic.Juan Manuel de Rosas has always been considered a typical caudillo in South America.Long after the end of his reign, its impacts on Argentine society were obvious.After all, the function of Argentine culture should not be underestimated. Rosas was shaped by the cultivation of family culture and his perception of social culture.However, the history of his reign was attributed to his individual conduct, and there was no thorough reflection on its cultural background.The lack of criticism on traditional culture and the hysteresis of cultural transition resulted in the absence of an objective evaluation of Rosas, and even other caudillos.
Xing Laishun, Wei Hong, The Reform of the Confederation of the Rhine in the Napolionic Era
The reform of the Confederation of the Rhine was integral to German reforms in the 19th century.Due to the distinctive tradition, condition, and ideology of German states, the Confederation of the Rhine, as well as Prussia and other German states, developed in the path of reform, instead of revolution, but the motivation for reform was peculiar.The reform consisted of many aspects, such as the establishment of modern constitution, and the reform of public administration, of juridical system, of finance and economy, of agriculture, of education, and of religion, etc.This provided significant momentum for the modernization of the states in Southern Germany and exerted immense influence on the political development of German states.However, as the reforms were implemented from the above, conservative features were ineluctable.
Xu Zhiqiang, Crime Problem and Its Social Causes during the Period of British Industrialization
During the period of industrialization, Britain suffered more from the problems of crime and social disorder.Property crime, such as theft and robbery, were particularly rampant.There were various forms of theft and the stolen goods belonged to articles of daily use.According to distinct styles, robbery could be divided into two categories: one was highway robbery which took the rich man as main target, the other was common robbery which took pedestrians as objects.Violent crime challenged the social order and some crowd riots, such as the Gordon Riots, even once led to the paralysis of the government agencies.The exacerbating problems of crime and disorder were closely related to the underclasss pauperization and the deterioration of the social environment.Under the background of urbanization, increasingly large migrant population disengaged from the countryside relationship, while they didnt find a stable life in the new city environment.The life of many people became more unpredictable and difficult.
Liu Yonglian, Xie Xiangwei, Korean and Japanese Mutual Perception Deviations against the Backdrop of the Enlargement of the Hua-yi Order
In 1590 (The year of Geng Yin)，the Lee Dynasty of Korea dispatched envoys to Japan after being asked twice by the latter without reporting to the Ming Dynasty beforehand.A series of conflicts arose during the subsequent contacts with Japan.By analyzing this diplomatic event, we can discover some subtle change in traditional international relations in the region of East Asia that the China-centered Hua-yi order influenced Korea and Japan, both of which had their own minor order circles.With the expansion of the China-centered Hua-yi, both Korea and Japan had a sense of superiority themselves, and intended to bring the opposite side into their own Hua-yi order circles.There was a deviation in their mutual recognition of political relations which led to conflicts between them later.Because the enlargement of the Hua-yi order in Korea and Japan were different, the ways of their handling this issue varied.By looking into this event, we can have a more profound understanding of the rich features of the pre-modern international relations in East Asia, and discover some clues of its evolution to modern international relations in this region.
Cui Jinzhu, The Financial Mobilization of Japan during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895
Far more complex than military confrontations, modern warfare was comprehensive competition between participating powers in terms of overall national strength and efficiency of mobilization.At the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, there were disagreements about the collection of military expenditure among the officials of the Japanese government and financial sector.Eventually, maintained by Masayoshi Matsugata, issuing internal debt defeated other propositions, such as raising donation or borrowing external debt, etc., and was accepted by the government.Hence, the government started to utilize special financial mechanism to raise money to wage the war.Besides agitating nationalism of the public, the Meiji government provided short-term loans, printed more money, and issued national debt, thereby gathering economic support from the financial sector and public.The role of the Bank of Japan was especially significant.The majority of military expenditure was borrowed from the Bank of Japan, then compensated by long-term government bonds until the end of war, and ultimately liquidated by the huge amount of war reparation from the Qing Dynasty stipulated by the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
Liu Feng, The Correlation between the Physiocracy and Asianism of Japan: The Thought of Akira Nagano
There were many “feudalistic vestiges” in the capitalism of modern Japan.Ideologically, there were urges to “restore” the traditional oriental physiocracy and Asianism.The analysis of the thought of Akira Nagano, the “China scholar”, illustrated that they not only “synergized”, resulting in profound and negative influence on the modernization of Japanese capitalism, but also correlated.This correlation could be interpreted from three particular perspectives: class consciousness, views on China and social movements, and sympathy with secret societies.
Wang Daqing, On the Nudism in Competitive Sports in Ancient Greece
Institutionalized by ancient Greek people, competitive sports were a sign of “Hellenism”, and nudism was important and characteristic to them.The tradition was unique to the contemporaneous Mediterranean civilizations, and probably singular to the whole human race.There have been vehement debates among western scholars from the 18th century about the origin and significance of the convention.One of the key issues is whether it was a realization or an idealization.Based on historical documents and extant researches, this paper provides a discussion of the characteristics and uniqueness, the historical origins, and the meaning and importance of nude athletics.The basic conclusion is that the nude competitive sports existed extensively among and was widely accepted by ancient Greek people; it also carried ancient Greek ideals, which were reflected by multiple aspects germane to nude sports, such as religion, society, politics, ethics, philosophy, aesthetics, etc.The mutual independence and enrichment of ideals and reality formed a distinctive tension.
Xu Songyan, Theramenes and the Athenian Politics in the late 5th Century B.C.
The 5th century B.C.was a troublesome time in the history of Athens and even the entire Greek world.Athens was afflicted by the internal and external crises, and frequent coups, and the situation was perplexed by the overt or covert conflicts among the different factions.Theramenes was indubitably one of the most significant figures in the political arena of Athens at the time of diminished oligarchy and volatile political environment.He basically stood for the interest of craftsmen and businessmen, and concerned himself with the fundamental and long-term benefit of the city-state.In order to increase the military recruitment, solve the financial crisis, and maintain the independence of Athens, he participated in and initiated several coups, usurped political powers, and then implemented legal “rehabilitations”. His policies were championed by the people, thus he was justly considered as “one of the best politicians” in the history of Athens.
Zhu Junyi, The Historical Reasons for a Series of Disturbance Incurred by the Divorce of Lothar II, the King of Lotharingia
Christianity viewed marriages as holy, thus “inseparable”.With the growth of Catholic Church and entrenchment of Christian thoughts, it formed a moral constraint for emperors, kings, vassals in Western Europe in the Middle Ages.Meanwhile, in order to achieve certain practical purposes, the Roman Curia and other political powers would impugn those who breached the purity of marriage.The divorce of Lothar II, the King of Lotharingia, was an instance.Due to the effect of interwoven factors, such as the restriction of Christian connubial ethics, the collapse of the Carolingian Empire, the conflict among the kindred kings, the rise of pontifical authority, etc., Lothar II was unable to divorce freely as his progenitor Charlemagne had done.On the contrary, he became a target of opprobrium, resulting in his tragic death and the division of his kingdom.
Qu Sheng, On Charles A.Beard's Historiography on the History of American Diplomacy
Studies on the history of American diplomacy were very important in the historiography of Charles A.Beard.He reflected on ideas and practices of American national interest in different eras, concluding that internationalism was incompatible with state benefits.Moreover, he proposed “continentalism”, an alternative view and corresponding foreign policy, which called for the abandon of internationalism and interventionism.He also censured the 1930s' foreign policies of the Roosevelt government, as he believed that such policies would result in the collapse of American democracy.Beard's historiography initiated the progressive tradition in the study of history among American historians.It was characterized by epistemological extensiveness and ideological radicalness, which bestowed the academic research with social and practical significance.
Li Hongtu, How to Understand the Changing Paradigms of Intellectual History
Although intellectual history has a long lineage and strong tradition in western academies，but by a systematic and thorough survey，we may find that，it had not formed a really historical approach until several decades ago.The condition then was changed because of the rising and progress of ‘Cambridge School’.Meanwhile，as a new paradigm，‘Conceptual History’ as has been put forward by Quentin Skinner and Reinhart Koselleck.It is remarkable that，recently，some scholars have strongly argued for the ‘International Turn’ in intellectual history under the background of globalization.Presently，on the one hand，intellectual history has continued to deepen its concrete research contents，on the other hand，it has also carried out some reflection and discussion about its quite different paradigms，and we can believe，all these would contribute greatly not only to the understanding of the foundation and dynamic of the innovations in intellectual history，but also to the reconstruction of its future orientation and academic nature.
《世界历史》2015年第1期
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国际关系史
超越凡尔赛：美国共和党政府的国际秩序思想及其对欧洲稳定与安全的追求（1921—1929） /王立新(4)
艾森豪威尔政府秘密支持印尼“外岛叛乱”的缘起/高艳杰(24)
对盟国的抵制与索取：战后初期日本的领土政策（1945—1951） /胡德坤 沈亚楠(40)
欧洲史
统一后德国的身份认同与大屠杀历史争议——1996年的“戈德哈根之争” /孟钟捷(55)
18世纪英国关于饮茶的争论/刘章才(69)
近代早期英国的土地流转——以修道院地产为例 /孙小娇(78)
亚太史
日本明治前期的立宪主义思想争鸣/许晓光(91)
夏威夷檀香木贸易的兴衰及其影响/王华(104)
拉美史
智利现代化道路的独特性及其历史根源/韩琦 曹龙兴(119)
学术史
结构史学与德国中世纪史研究/王亚平(129)
20世纪后半叶西方希罗多德研究的两种路径/吴晓群(139)
学界动态
第三届世界史研究前沿论坛综述/马德义(148)
欧洲文化史研讨会暨纪念阎宗临先生诞辰110周年座谈会综述/陆连超 王三义(150)
“世界现代化进程中的改革与治理”国际学术研讨会综述/谢鹏程(152)
第三届中国世界城市史论坛综述/张蓓蓓 张卫良(155)
书讯
《田中角荣与战后日本政治》（39）
《民族语境下的政治思想史》（154）
CONTENTS
Beyond Versailles: The U.S.Republican Administration's Concept of International Order and Pursuit for European Stability and Security, 1921-1929/Wang Lixin(1)
The Rationale of Eisenhower Administration's Secret Support for the Outer Islands Rebellion in Indonesia/Gao Yanjie(21)
The Resistance to and Requirement on the Allied Powers: The Territorial Policy of Japan in the Early Postwar Era, 1945-1951/Hu Dekun, Shen Ya'nan(37)
The Identity Issue after the Reunification of Germany and the Dispute over the Nazi Holocaust/Meng Zhongjie(52)
The British Controversy over Tea in the 18th Century/Liu Zhangcai(66)
The Land Transfer in the Early Modern England/Sun Xiaojiao(75)
The Disputes over Constitutionalism in the Early Meiji Period/Xu Xiaoguang(88)
The Hawaiian Sandalwood Trade and Its Impacts/Wang Hua(101)
The Uniqueness of Chilean Modernization and Its Historical Origin/Han Qi, Cao Longxing(117)
Structuralism in the Studies of Medieval German History/Wang Yaping(126)
Two Trends in the Herodotus Studies during the Second Half of the 20th Century in the Western Academia/Wu Xiaoqun(136)