《世界历史》2015年第5期

　　目 录

　　·“重视失败者历史的研究”笔谈·

　　应重视“失败者历史”的研究 /张顺洪(4)

　　历史不应只由胜利者来书写和褒贬 /何怀宏(7)

　　“失败者历史”：一种历史研究和书写的主题取向 /张文涛(10)

　　撰写“失败者历史”意味着什么 /袁江洋(14)

　　失败者有自己的历史吗 /张旭鹏(16)

　　土著真是人类历史上的“失败者”吗 /朱利安·昆尼(19)

　　·欧洲史·

　　近代法国政府职能转变与谷物自由市场的建构 /周立红(23)

　　英国议会圈地投资中的个人权利 /徐滨(35)

　　19世纪伦敦东区：一个城市的“另类世界” /张卫良(52)

　　·美洲史·

　　自然权利观念与19世纪上半叶美国拥奴派的政治话语 /蔡萌(65)

　　邦联国会争取关税权的努力及其意义 /雷芳(75)

　　现代化战略与对外关系：波菲里奥·迪亚斯时期墨西哥外交政策 /孙若彦(86)

　　·古代史·

　　论古代埃及经济的特征 /金寿福(96)

　　赫梯基拉姆节日活动的仪式特征及其功能 /刘健(109)

　　论赫梯王国的流放政策 /蒋家瑜(120)

　　·学术史·

　　近代英国首部集体编纂的世界史初探 /张乃和(131)

　　20世纪80年代以来英美学界的殖民时期非洲史研究述评 /李鹏涛(138)

　　·学界动态·

　　美国历史学家组织年会在密苏里州圣路易斯召开 /胡晓进(151)

　　第七届东方外交史国际学术会议在俄罗斯克拉斯诺亚尔斯克召开 /郝葵(152)

　　“日本现代化进程中的社会、思想与文化”学术研讨会在成都召开 /许晓光(154)

　　·书讯·

　　《孟加拉国政治发展与民族问题研究》（108）

　　《冷战史研究档案资源导论》（130）

  　　

　　

　　CONTENTS No. 5

  　

　　The Transformation of Government Functions and the Creation of a Free Grain Market in Modern

　　France /Zhou Lihong(23)

　　Individual Rights in the English Parliamentary Enclosures /Xu Bin(35)

　　East London in the Nineteenth Century:The “Alien World” of a City /Zhang Weiliang(52)

　　The Notion of Natural Rights and the Political Discourse of Pro-slavery Americans in the First

　　Half of the Nineteenth Century /Cai Meng(65)

　　The Tariff Reform of the Confederate States of America and Its Significance /Lei Fang(75)

　　On the Diplomatic Policy of the Mexican Porfirio Díaz Government /Sun Ruoyan(86)

　　On the Characteristics of Ancient Egyptian Economy /Jin Shoufu(96)

　　On the Ritualized Nature of the Hittite KI. LAM Festival /Liu Jian(109)

　　On the Penalty of Exile in the Hittite Kingdom /Jiang Jiayu(120)

　　A Preliminary Investigation into the First English Work on World History /Zhang Naihe(131)

　　A Review of Euro-American Scholars' Studies of the History of Colonial Africa /Li Pengtao(138)

 

　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Zhou Lihong, The Transformation of Government Functions and the Creation of a Free Grain Market

　　in Modern France

　　From the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire, the French government gradually abandoned its

　　supervision of grain circulation, which greatly contributed to the formation of a free grain

　　market during the 1860s. This process was not a mere deregulation; instead, it represented a

　　transformation of government functions. First, the practice of abrupt government intervention

　　in the grain market was ended, the authority of grain supply distributed to local

　　administrations and bakers, and the grain prices left to the regulation by tariff or

　　intermediaries, such as the Caisse. Second, by ceding its power, the government stimulated

　　agricultural production and railway construction through macro-control, legal protection, and

　　financial support, laying the foundation for the formation of an integrated national grain

　　market. It was a turning point in the relationship between market and government in French

　　history, representing the budding of a “French model” of market-government relationship and

　　paving the way for a stable network in the regulation of grain production and circulation after

　　the World War II.

 

　　Xu Bin, Individual Rights in the English Parliamentary Enclosures

　　The English Parliamentary Enclosures mainly occurred in the Midlands during the period of 1750

　　-1850. In principle, the practice of the English Parliamentary Enclosures was in accordance

　　with the individual rights and was legalized by ad hoc acts. In particular, land allotment and

　　benefit compensation were conducted on the basis of the rights of property owners, and the

　　investment fund of enclosure was also raised and shared in the same fashion. During the process

　　of enclosure, the rights and interests of property owners and farmers were generally protected.

　　Meanwhile, the enclosure was a massive agricultural investment, its capital being collected

　　from savings, land sales, and loans of property owners. After the enclosures, the public rights

　　of land disappeared, and definitive individual property rights came to be established. As a

　　result, the transformation of land property system and utilization methods was accomplished in

　　England, and the efficiency of agricultural resources boosted, providing the basis for

　　agricultural modernization.

 

　　Zhang Weiliang, East London in the Nineteenth Century:The “Alien World” of a City

　　East London was an integral part of London. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, East

　　London was denigrated by medical officers, journalists, writers, social critics, moralists, and

　　preachers as a place of poverty, crowdedness, filth, illness, degradation, crime, and moral

　　degeneration-literally an “alien world”. As a matter of fact, however, a major industrial

　　transformation occurred in the mid-18th century in East London, contributing to the prosperity

　　of navigation and manufacture, while the decline occurred in the mid-19th century, resulting in

　　a host of social problems. Moreover, land property of manors, public administration, urban

　　infrastructure, and immigrants exacerbated existing problems. Compared with other metropolitan

　　districts, East London was not “alien”. There were objective reasons behind this phenomenon.

 

　　Cai Meng, The Notion of Natural Rights and the Political Discourse of Pro-slavery Americans in

　　the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

　　There was a subtle yet complicated relation between the notion of natural rights and the

　　political discourse of pro-slavery Americans in the first half of the 19th century. On the one

　　hand, Natural Rights practitioners advocated egalitarian principles and a rebellious spirit,

　　which undermined the existence of the southern slavery system. On the other hand, the notion of

　　Natural Rights became an important ideological bolster of the slavery system as well after

　　being reinterpreted by pro-slavery Americans. The latter insisted on an irrevocable hierarchy

　　in the concept of nature, using “scientific research results” to compromise the idea of

　　universal equality and arguing, instead, for the superiority of the southern slavery system.

　　Furthermore, pro-slavery Americans made a distinction between “individual people” and

　　“collective people”, remolding “the right to rebel” into the right of states to rebel

　　against the union, instead of the right of individuals to rebel against the government. Hence,

　　the legitimacy of slave rebellion was repudiated, while the states' right was theoretically

　　approved.

 

　　Lei Fang, The Tariff Reform of the Confederate States of America and Its Significance

　　While the right to levy taxes was necessary for sustaining modern sovereign states, the

　　Congress of the Confederate States of America was limited by lacking this right. In order to

　　ameliorate its financial situation, the Confederate Congress initiated a tariff reform. It

　　aimed at enhancing the power of the Confederate government by granting it the right to collect

　　tariffs. However, the reform was finally thwarted by resistance. However, despite of the

　　failure, it represented an early attempt to reform the framework of the Constitution of the

　　Confederate States of America to win for the national government the right to levy taxes,

　　especially on importation. Thus, it came to be an important part of the early American state

　　building process.

 

　　Sun Ruoyan, On the Diplomatic Policy of the Mexican Porfirio Díaz Government

　　The diplomatic policy of the Mexican Porfirio Díaz government (1876-1911)was significant in the

　　modernization of Mexico. While his policy did not remain unchanged, it was not an

　　undifferentiated concession of national interests to the great powers as well. Under the

　　guidance of positivism, Díaz and his fellow “scientists” adopted the policy of inviting

　　foreign capital during his second term. Unfortunately, his over-reliance on foreign factors led

　　him into the betrayal of national interests, which incurred the dissatisfaction of people and

　　the revolution in 1910, resulting in the fall of his regime. Although he strived to find an

　　equilibrium between the European and American powers, the recession of European influence and

　　the rise of the American strength dictated that such a balance was unattainable.

 

　　Jin Shoufu, On the Characteristics of Ancient Egyptian Economy

　　In the field of ancient history, publications on the economic problems have gradually and

　　steadly grown. This is also the case in Egyptology. Some scholars try to explain the ancient

　　Egyptian economy with modern theories of economics, while others intend to find ancient

　　Egyptian proofs for modern theories. This article examines ancient Egyptian economy in light of

　　the theory of “redistribution” put forward by Polany, and comes to the conclusion that

　　redistribution was not practiced nationwide and thus did not play a decisive role. In the

　　opinion of those who approve the theory of redistribution, trade played a negligible role in

　　ancient Egypt. Using written and other materials, the author tries to reveal that the ancient

　　Egyptians carried out multiple profit-oriented activities, and relevant markets had existed

　　from the Old Kingdom on and was supervised and protected by the administrative authority. We

　　have at present limited documents on ancient Egyptian economy, but the author is of the opinion

　　that ancient Egyptian economy was generally at a primitive stage, with some elements comparable

　　to modern economy.Liu Jian, On the Ritualized Nature of the Hittite KI. LAM Festival

　　The rulers of the powerful Hittite Kingdom dominating central and southeastern Anatolia as well

　　as northern Syria between the 17th-12th centuries BC tried to consolidate their rule in several

　　ways. Among these were celebrations, ceremonial rites, and festivals, which played an important

　　role. This article focuses on one of the Hittite major national festivals, i. e. KI. LAM

　　Festival. Tracing its textual composition and history, this paper aims to reconstruct its

　　celebration procedures and its ritualized nature in comparison with and contrast to other

　　contemporaneous national festivals. It concludes that the festival and other national festivals

　　were utilized by the Hittite rulers to showcase their legitimacy, authority, and power.

 

　　Jiang Jiayu, On the Penalty of Exile in the Hittite Kingdom

　　In the Hittite Kingdom, exile, developed from a punishment of royal members to a national

　　policy, was an important penalty for political prisoners. Categorically, it falls into three

　　types:“confinement”, which alleviated the conflict among royal members, serving to strengthen

　　the power of the kings; “imprisonment”, which ensured the functioning of the administrative

　　system, balancing the central power with local power; and “banishment”, which served to

　　maintain the stability of the royal family and the entire society. The exile policy had its

　　limitations, and its results were often transitory and provisionary, but it was nonetheless

　　conducive to the consolidation of the kingdom.

 

　　Zhang Naihe, A Preliminary Investigation into the First English Work on World History

　　Published between 1736 and 1766 in London, An Universal History:From the Earliest Account of

　　Time to the Present, was the first work on world history compiled collectively in modern

　　Britain. The monumental work was divided into two parts, consisting of 22 and 44 volumes

　　respectively. It features a nation state orientation, a global perspective, and secularism in

　　outlook. The book, also referred to as The English Universal History(EUH), did not only have a

　　great impact on Europe at the time of its publication, but also resulted in profound

　　reverberations:the proposal, design, compilation, and publication of The Cambridge Ancient

　　History, The Cambridge Medieval History, and The Cambridge Modern History(initially named as “

　　Universal History” too)were similar to those of the EUH. As some scholars point out,

　　notwithstanding a recent return of universal history, this book is still noteworthy.

　　Li Pengtao, A Review of Euro-American Scholars' Studies of the History of Colonial Africa

　　Reflecting on the “nationalist historiography” paradigm of the 1960-70s, Euro-American

　　studies of the colonial Africa from the 1980s onwards have started to reexamine the complex

　　relationship between colonization and social transition. Relevant studies mainly focus on the

　　nature and essence of colonial states, the relations between colonial rule and African social

　　transition, the internal relations between African social transition and decolonization, the

　　impact of colonial history on African development, etc. The studies indicate that as the social

　　structure was altered by ethnicity, customary law, indirect rule, and the forced labor system,

　　the colonization actually caused drastic social changes in Africa. Meanwhile, the social

　　changes reshaped the perception and policy of the colonists, providing an important background

　　for the understanding of decolonization.