《世界历史》2015年第4期

　　目 录

　　·“纪念世界反法西斯战争胜利七十周年”笔谈·

　　世界大战、集体安全与人类文明的进步 /徐蓝(4)

　　中国抗战开启了中华民族复兴的新征程 /胡德坤(8)

　　第二次世界大战与欧洲联合运动的兴起 /姜南(12)

　　重温德国前总统魏茨泽克的反思演讲 /景德祥(16)

　　“安倍历史观”的特征及其影响 /乔林生(20)

　　·欧洲史·

　　从“领地国家”到“税收国家”：中世纪晚期法国君主征税权的确立 /熊芳芳(24)

　　革命节日的空间构建与意识形态教化——以“法兰西共和国统一不可分割节”为中心 /洪庆明(37)

　　“入侵”与“解放”背景下的革命——美因茨共和国的历史解读 /王涛(47)

　　·北美史·

　　北美早期印第安人社会对外来传染病的反应和调适 /丁见民(59)

　　美国劳动骑士团种族政策再探讨 /王心扬(69)

　　·亚太史·

　　日本战国时期村落与大名权力关系考论——以16世纪近畿地区菅浦村债务问题为例 /钱静怡(80)

　　日本“江户三学”中的中国认识辨析 /赵德宇(88)

　　《怀唐伊条约》与“主权让与”问题 /汪诗明(101)

　　· 古代史·

　　古典时代雅典私人钱庄与海上贸易融资 /陈思伟(114)

　　伊索克拉底的《泛希腊集会辞》与泛希腊主义 /何珵(126)

　　·书评·

　　语境主义、公众意见与美国政治史研究的新趋势——读埃里克·方纳著《火的考验：林肯与美国奴隶制》 /杜华(139)

　　权利视野下美国史研究的新尝试——评刘军著《美国公民权利观念的发展》 /于留振(148)

　　·学界动态·

　　“第一次世界大战一百周年”国际学术研讨会在京召开 /管世琳(151)

　　中国世界近代史研究会2014年年会在西安举行 /聂文(153)

　　首都师大举办第三届国际关系史青年学者论坛 /刘京 艾亚迪(155)

　　CONTENTS No.4

　　From “Manor” to “Tax State”: The Power to Tax of French Monarchs in the Late Middle Ages /Xiong Fangfang(24)

　　The Construction and Ideological Inoculation of Revolutionary Festivals-A Case Study of “The Festival of Unity and Indivisibility” /Hong Qingming(37)

　　A Revolution in the Context of “Invasion” and “Liberation”: A Historical Analysis of the Republic of Mainz /Wang Tao(47)

　　The Reaction and Adjustment of Native American Communities to the Invasion of Foreign Infectious Diseases /Ding Jianmin(59)

　　On the Racial Policies of the Knights of Labor /Wang Xinyang(69)

　　On the Power Relationship between Villages and Daimyos in the Sengoku Period: The Debt Problem of Sugaura Village in Kinki Region in the 16th Century in View /Qian Jingyi(80)

　　The Image of China among the “Three Schools” of the Edo Period /Zhao Deyu(88)

　　The Treaty of Waitangi and the “Transfer of Sovereignty” /Wang Shiming(101)

　　Private Banks in Athens and the Financing of the Maritime Trade in Classical Antiquity /Chen Siwei(114)

　　Isocrates' Panegyricus and Pan-Hellenism /He Cheng(126)

　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Xiong Fangfang, From “Manor” to “Tax State”: The Power to Tax of French Monarchs in the Late Middle Ages

　　The late Middle Ages witnessed the transition of France from a “manor” to a “tax state”, facilitated by a combination of three elements: the theoretical support provided by political philosophers and jurists, the practical feasibility ensured by old conventions, and the resignation of the power to tax from the Estate General to the Crown.Since the 1430s, the “consent tax” which required the approval of the Estate General was replaced by the “royal tax” enforced solely by the Crown.This means that the change and innovation in taxation and administrative system in the late Middle Ages essentially transformed the societal basis and operational mode of medieval society.

　　Hong Qingming, The Construction and Ideological Inoculation of Revolutionary Festivals-A Case Study of “The Festival of Unity and Indivisibility”

　　The mushrooming of new festivals featured the decade of the French Revolution.“The Festival of Unity and Indivisibility” held in August 10, 1793, was a widely celebrated one.It accompanied the transition from revolution to terrorism, a direct outcome of the crisis of revolution.However, it was far more than a review and conciliation of historical conflicts: it not only helped the political authority to construct a narrative to legitimize the ideology of revolution, but also contained transcendent implications-the ideal of a national “revival”.This paper studies the specific festival, describes its background and process, analyzes its ideological significance, and locates it in the context of the political economy of the revolution as a whole.It aims at providing a perspective on the subtle and complicated interrelation between concrete cases, historical developments, and political-cultural circumstances during the decade of revolution.

　　Wang Tao, A Revolution in the Context of “Invasion” and “Liberation”: A Historical Analysis of the Republic of Mainz

　　During the French Revolution, the Jacobins in Mainz established an ephemeral republic under the military support of French revolutionaries.The short-livedness of this attempt was closely related to the influence of the French Revolution.As the Republic of Mainz (Mainzer Republik) was realized by the interference of France, a context of “invasion and liberation” was indispensable to the understanding of the Jacobins' action and the republic's history.As a result of the expansion of the French Revolution, the Republic of Mainz was pervaded by French elements, thusly having a fate prefigured by the revolution.Moreover, the complexity of German history is also revealed by a review of the brief history of the republic.

　　Ding Jianmin, The Reaction and Adjustment of Native American Communities to the Invasion of Foreign Infectious Diseases

　　Since Columbus's “discovery” of the New Continent in 1492, Europeans and Africans started to immigrate to North America.As a result, the social and ecological circumstances of native Americans were drastically changed by pathogenic microbes carried along with these immigrants.But the natives did not accept the doom passively and reacted in ways based on their own natural and cultural strength.After an initial spell of terror and despair, they tried to ward off the diseases with traditional therapies.Furthermore, they observed and learned certain therapeutic methods and procedures from the White community, and creatively absorbed and internalized them into Indian traditions and cultures.

　　Wang Xinyang, On the Racial Policies of the Knights of Labor

　　The Knights of Labor (KOL) was one of the strongest labor unions in the U.S.in the 1880-90s.It was commonly held that the racial policies of KOL-the acceptance of black people and the repulsion of the Chinese-was ethnically determined.However, surveying the three factors (the anxiety of employment, the racial bias, and the awareness of social class) and their interrelations, this paper discovers that the policies were in fact geographically determined.In the West and South, competition for employment exacerbated the extant racial prejudices of the white KOL members, resulting in discriminations against the blacks in the South, and the exclusion of Chinese workers in the West.Meanwhile, the “knights” of the Northeast were more sensitive to class differentiations.They, to some extent, overcame the racial discrimination and were able to work and live together with the Chinese immigrants.

　　Qian Jingyi, On the Power Relationship between Villages and Daimyos in the Sengoku Period: The Debt Problem of Sugaura Village in Kinki Region in the 16th Century in View

　　During the Sengoku Period (1467-1590), the daimyos established their regional authorities throughout Japan, giving rise to a host of maturing social organizations at the village level.Hence, a study of the relations between the daimyo and village would shed light on the socio-political construction of this period.Recent Japanese research has mainly emphasized the autonomy of villages, insisting on a “contractual” perspective in defining and describing the power relationship.This paper reflects on this stance, and takes the power relation between the Sugaura village and the daimyo of Azai clan as a specific case by looking into the former's successive delays of tributary payment.It holds that the daimyos were predominant in the power relation, while their governance was based on negotiations with the villagers.Additionally, the administrative system “souson” (the municipality of village) strengthened the control of daimyos over villages.

　　Zhao Deyu, The Image of China among the “Three Schools” of the Edo Period

　　The former sovereign status of Chinese teachings were unprecedentedly questioned, even despised and scolded by the scholars of Japanese Confucianism, the Kokugaku (national learning), and the Rangaku (Dutch studies).With disparate aims and idioms, scholars of different schools formed different views on China: the Japanese neo-Confucians were characterized by a nostalgic criticism of the present; the Kokugaku scholars were overwhelmed by irrational nationalism; and the Rangaku scholars represented utilitarian pragmatism.They shared a consensus, however, in their interpretations, which eventually gave birth to a unified theory for the encroachment on China.The images of China formed among the “three schools” have persisted until the modern era, shaping the Japanese understanding of and action toward China and the Chinese.

　　Wang Shiming, The Treaty of Waitangi and the “Transfer of Sovereignty”

　　The Treaty of Waitangi (1840) was signed between the British colonizers and the Maori.With their historical-cultural differences and unbalanced power status, the two versions (English and Maori) of the treaty disaccorded severely in the formulation and interpretation of crucial terms.The British colonizers maintained that the document essentially gave Britain sovereignty over New Zealand, while the Maori firmly believed that they just partly relinquished the right of governance in return for protection.From a historical and legal perspective, the assertion of the British was ungrounded.The lack of competitors in colonization, and the comparatively high level of development of the Maori society and its peaceful relationship with the White immigrants encouraged Britain to adopt a gradual and mild policy in the colonization of New Zealand.

　　Chen Siwei, Private Banks in Athens and the Financing of the Maritime Trade in Classical Antiquity

　　Private banks were important in the financing of the maritime trade of Athens in the 4th B.C.Compared with individual investors, they were more abundant in reserves, adroit in risk avoidance, and experienced in loan granting.In practice, banks firstly attracted merchants to deposit their idle funds.They then recruited expert navigators as agents, who were financed by them to take charge of related duties.Although organizations of these primitive banks and their present descendants varied greatly, research indicates that private banks at that time were professional lenders who performed complicated economic activities and an important role in the economic life of the city-state and individuals.

　　He Cheng, Isocrates' Panegyricus and Pan-Hellenism

　　Pan-Hellenism in Isocrates' Panegyricus advocated the unison, instead of unity of different city-states, which was different from but compatible with the “Athens-centric” doctrine.During the Greek-Persian war, when Athens and Sparta formed an alliance, Pan-Hellenism was frequently emphasized.However, for Isocrates, “Athens-centricism” was more practical in the advocacy of Athens' leadership.He used this notion to compete with Sparta, to gather momentum in the restoration of Athenian imperialism, and to corroborate the moral, social, and historical legitimacy of the supremacy of Athens.

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