《世界历史》2016年第1期

　　目 录

　　·“第22届国际历史科学大会述评”笔谈·

　　历史学的走向和史学家的未来 /顾銮斋(4)

　　全球视野下中国历史的重构 /郑群(10)

　　书写情感的历史 /乌尔特·弗雷弗特(16)

　　法国大革命史研究的新趋向 /孙一萍(24)

　　历史学的数字化转向 /玛丽亚塔·希耶塔拉(29)

　　·欧美史·

　　思想和话语的积淀：近代以前西欧财产观的嬗变 /侯建新(33)

　　西欧中世纪骑士比武的兴衰 /唐运冠(46)

　　中古晚期英格兰郡共同体探析 /陈日华(58)

　　19世纪英国城市的新鲜空气诉求 /严玉芳 梅雪芹(66)

　　工业化时期英国的血亲关系与土地流动 /郭爱民(77)

　　纽约州鹿尾党的建立与美国第二政党体制的起源 /杨钊(91)

　　·国际关系史·

　　北约组织对苏联能源设备禁运政策的缘起与影响 /崔丕(104)

　　战后日美文化教育交流会议的形成、作用及其局限性 /牟伦海(118)

　　·史海新探·

　　中古祆教半人半鸟形象考源 /张小贵(131)

　　·学界动态·

　　第二届埃及历史与埃及问题高层论坛召开 /陈小迁 王泰(144)

　　2015年中国世界古代史学术研讨会在上海召开 /黄薇 于荧荧(146)

　　历史与记忆学术研讨会在首都师范大学召开 /史林凡(148)

　　中国人民大学举办世界史资料建设与教材编写学术研讨会 /王大庆(150)

　　《踌躇的霸权》新书研讨会在北京大学召开 /陈希(152)

　　CONTENTS

　　The Accumulation of Thoughts and Discourses: The Transition of the View on Property in the Pre-Modern Western Europe /Hou Jianxin(33)

　　The Tournament in the Medieval Western Europe /Tang Yunguan(46)

　　The County Society in Late Medieval England /Chen Rihua(58)

　　The Demand for Fresh Air in the 19th Century British Cities /Yan Yufang and Mei Xueqin(66)

　　The Blood Tie and Transfer of Land in Britain during the Age of Industrialization /Guo Aimin(77)

　　The Bucktails in New York State and the Origin of the Second Party System /Yang Zhao(91)

　　The Origin and Impact of the NATO Pipe Embargo to the USSR /Cui Pi(104)

　　The Formation, Function and Limitation of the U.S.-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange /Mou Lunhai(118)

　　The Origin of the Half-Human and Half-Bird Images of Medieval Zoroastrianism /Zhang Xiaogui(131)

　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Hou Jianxin, The Accumulation of Thoughts and Discourses: The Transition of the View on Property in the Pre-Modern Western Europe

　　Some textbooks assume that, in terms of the development of property rights in the Western Europe, there was a giant chasm between the thought and discourse of modern and these of medieval era: The thousand years of Middle Ages had been totally ignorant of the concept of property rights until thinkers of the Enlightenment established the thought and discourse system.However, the formation of the view on property in the Western Europe derived from its distinctive historical circumstances.It originated from Germanic conventions, developed in the classic civilizations and Christianity, and was a compound of above three elements.In order to provide a comprehensive investigation into the pre-modern property rights in the Western Europe, this paper discusses these elements seriatim.It focuses on the description of the concept of subjective rights born in medieval lives and the analysis of the logical relation between this concept and the view on property, hence demonstrates the historical continuity of the Western Europe and the immense social-historical significance of the accumulation of thought and discourse.Issues such as “rights of the poor”, “rights of the minority”, and rights to resist also stemmed from the discussion of property rights, indicating that the medieval view on property had rich and profound contents and influences, which were far beyond a one-dimensional and rigid emphasis on the rights of property owners.

　　Tang Yunguan, The Tournament in the Medieval Western Europe

　　The tournament, as a type of game for cavalrymen, rose and came into prosperity in the 11th century Western Europe.Researches revealed that it was linked with the growth of feudal separatism in the process of decentralization and with the new inheritance system which forced “young” knights to seek their own destinies in the game.Correspondingly, the early tournament, where the nobility used overt violence to ensure and maintain the social hierarchy, showed the typical features of the primitive feudalism – chaotic and ferocious.From the 13th century, with the popularization of the joust and the clarification of the rules, the tournament began to gentrify.It produced two far-reaching consequences: the private violence of the knights was incorporated into the construction of the nation-states, and the nobles transformed from private forces into servants of nation-states.The tournament thus lost its vitality, and the newly established unified states turned it into a parade of absolute power.The once prosperous tournament finally declined in the 17th century.

　　Chen Rihua, The County Society in Late Medieval England

　　When villages in England started their feudalization, counties did not.It resulted from the fact that, from the 12th century, the military duty of English cavalrymen diminished and they participated in the public administration of local, especially county governments.Transformed from former cavalrymen, “knights” gradually dominated the management of counties.With the development of local identity and coherence, county communities were formed around gentlemen.However, there is a fallacious assumption in the traditional view: in the formation of nation-states, there must have been conflicts between centralized authority and local autonomy.In fact, it typifies a mistaken application of tertium non datur.The construction of nation-states and the continuation of local autonomy was a dialectical process, which involved the synergy between both sides.

　　Yan Yufang and Mei Xueqin, The Demand for Fresh Air in the 19th Century British Cities

　　In the 19th century, the demand for fresh air was a very important environmental demand in urban development.It was caused by the poor ventilation of residence, the new awareness of air-health correlation, and the theory of pathogenic miasma.There were three detailed aspects of this demand: the modification of ventilation; the elimination of conceptual and institutional obstacles for window opening; the resort to air-improving commodities, fresh air in rural areas and the construction and protection of “lungs of cities”.These methods not only targeted at air pollution, but were also pertinent to the amelioration of urban public hygiene.From the perspective of environmental history, this paper enriches the study of the history of air pollution and public health by investigating into the cognitive transition in air conditions of the 19th century British people.

　　Guo Aimin, The Blood Tie and Transfer of Land in Britain during the Age of Industrialization

　　In the age of industrialization, the inheritance of land among blood relatives was important to the formation of massive real properties.The fee tail guaranteed the transfer of land among blood relatives of the eldest son.This institution of inheritance ensured the integrity of land.As the land-owning class had a high rate of infertility, a great proportion of land was transferred among blood relatives or collateral relatives of females, who also made use of the institution to ensure the integrity of land.There were commercial activities in the process of land transference.Families holding newly purchased land would make sure all land to be transferred in accordance with the fee tail.The land transferred with blood lines was crucialto the British transition from small peasant economy to capitalist agricultural economy.

　　Yang Zhao, The Bucktails in New York State and the Origin of the Second Party System

　　In the 1810s, New York Republican party was divided into the Bucktails and the Clintonians, thus forming a new two-party system.The Bucktails were different from the traditional parties in New York.They emphasized the party discipline and democratic principle, and established organizations, such as the Committee of Correspondence and Party Caucus.They also used the spoil system to stimulate the enthusiasm of party members in elections.In addition, the Bucktails founded their party newspaper and renovated the party concept.With these new characteristics, the Bucktails swiftly dominated the political life of Ney York State.During 1824-1840, two-party system appeared in other states, signifying the start of the second party system.In this regard, the rivalry between the Bucktails and the Clintonians was significant and original.

　　Cui Pi, The Origin and Impact of the NATO Pipe Embargo to the USSR

　　In the promotion of NATO pipe embargo to the USSR, the U.S.initially asked Japan and the Western Europe to restrict their export of oil tankers to the USSR.Then, it initiated the establishment of an ad hoc research agency, proposed the embargo on energy equipment, suggested Japan and NATO to suspend diplomatic negotiations with the USSR.This embargo was the first case where the U.S.used international defense mechanism to enforce economic containment strategy against the USSR.Meanwhile, it was also an exception in the history of trade control during the Cold War.Later, the U.S.continued its containment policy with CoCom (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls).This change indicated that the U.S.government has learned and transcended from the original embargo policy.

　　Mou Lunhai, The Formation, Function and Limitation of the U.S.-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange

　　The intensive transplantation of the American democratic culture onto Japan after the Second World War resulted in the severe cultural inequity between the U.S.and Japan.With the rapid growth of Japanese economy, Japanese people strongly demanded for the cultural equalization.In order to maintain the Japan-American alliance, the U.S.reacted positively.CULCON in 1961 was a major achievement in the reconciliation of the cultural relationship.Along with the military and economic coordination mechanisms, the cultural one, represented by CULCON was one of the three keystones of the post-war Japan-American alliance.On the other hand, the intrinsic cultural differences between Japan and the U.S.predetermined the direction of their cultural conflict.It reflected the major limitation of CULCON and the cultural coordination mechanism.

　　Zhang Xiaogui, The Origin of the Half-Human and Half-Bird Images of Medieval Zoroastrianism

　　Half-man-half-bird images have been discovered frequently in recently examined tombs of medieval western minorities in China.The religious meaning of this symbol was controversial.Combining the results of foreign scholars on Zoroastrianism, this paper focuses on the images, analyzes two predominant views among academia, and suggests that it was inappropriate to interpret the image as one of the Zoroastrian gods.This paper contends that the image represents the typical Zoroastrian priest who preserves the fire altar.Its design was influenced by the “glory given by god” of ancient Persia, signifying the delivery of the worship of fire to gods.The image expressed the fire worship peculiar to ceremonies of Zoroastrianism and reflected the “caesaropapism” in the ancient Persian tradition.