《世界历史》2016年第2期

　　目 录

　　·史学理论·

　　跨国史的兴起与20世纪世界史的重新书写 /王立新(4)

　　近代早期欧洲历史观念的内涵及其形态转变 /吴树博(24)

　　·海洋史·

　　专属经济区概念的提出与美国的反应（1970—1983） /吴少杰(40)

　　巴林与沙特阿拉伯大陆架划界暨资源共享谈判及其意义 /关培凤(53)

　　·欧洲史·

　　近代英国劳资争议仲裁制的兴起 /刘金源(62)

　　近代早期德意志政治发展特性刍议——对“德意志特殊道路”的一种反思 /钱金飞(74)

　　森林资源的商品化与16世纪德国农村的变迁 /王倩(87)

　　中世纪晚期英格兰圣职候选人的“头衔”探析——以赫里福德主教区为例 /孙剑(99)

　　·美洲史·

　　美国国家公园建构与印第安人命运变迁——以黄石国家公园为中心（1872—1930） /高科(110)

　　美国与智利1973年“9·11政变” /舒建中(125)

　　·亚洲史·

　　居者有其屋：二战后新加坡组屋政策探析 /宋培军 张秋霞(137)

　　·学界动态·

　　第三届中英英国史学术交流研讨会在北京召开 /胡莉 魏运高丽(150)

　　北京大学历史学系举办法国史学术工作坊 /盛仁杰 黄浩(152)

　　“亚太国家发展道路”学术研讨会在苏州召开 /张甜甜(154)

CONTENTS

　　The Rise of Transnational History and the Rewriting of World History in the 20th Century /Wang Lixin(4)

　　The Perception of History and Its Transformation in Early Modern Europe /Wu Shubo(24)

　　The Birth of the Concept of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the Reactions of the United States (1970-1983) /Wu Shaojie(40)

　　The Negotiations between Bahrain and Saudi Arabia on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and Resource Sharing /Guan Peifeng(53)

　　The Rise of Industrial Arbitration in Modern Britain /Liu Jinyuan(62)

　　The Political Development of Early Modern Germany： A Reflection on Sonderweg /Qian Jinfei(74)

　　The Commercialization of Forest Resources and the Change of Rural Germany in the 16th Century /Wang Qian(87)

　　“Titles” of Ordinands in Late Medieval England /Sun Jian(99)

　　The Construction of National Park in the United States and the Vicissitudes of Native American's Life： The Case of Yellowstone in 1872-1930 /Gao Ke(110)

　　The United States and the September 11 Coup of Chile in 1973 /Shu Jianzhong(125)

　　The Post-War Housing Policy of Singapore /Song Peijun and Zhang Qiuxia(137)

　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Wang Lixin， The Rise of Transnational History and the Rewriting of World History in the 20th Century

　　Since the 1990s， there has been a robust trend in historical studies worldwide aptly named the “transnational turn”， which has in turn given rise to transnational history. The transnational history examines the history of nation-states in a transnational and global context， focusing on the effects of transnational forces and external factors. This has drastically altered research on national histories. Transnational history has also taken note of communications and of interactions between peoples， thoughts， information， capital， commodity and institutions among nations. Therefore， it has been recognized as a new branch of history， which has developed subfields omitted by traditional studies. It highlights the importance of transnational experiences in people's lives， and has altered our views on modern history， including conflicts and wars in the 20th century. Therefore， it is necessary to rewrite the history of the last century from a transnational perspective， incoroprating such “low-end” international affairs as human rights protection， educational and cultural communications， transmission of mass culture， elimination of infectious diseases， environmental cooperation， and sports events into the history of international relations.

　　Wu Shubo， The Perception of History and Its Transformation in Early Modern Europe

　　This paper mainly discusses the perception of history and its transformation in early modern Europe. Generally speaking， due to achievements in the study of historia naturalis and critical ars historica in late Renaissance， the previously dominant “rhetorical perception of history” gradually gave way to the perception of history as a rigorous set of knowledge and methodology. During this transition， the meaning of history was expanded and enriched， and the connection between truth and history became more important. Moreover， history itself gradually became a methodology and was applied to other disciplines， gaining itself an eminent status in the knowledge system of that era. Although such perceptions of history (together with historians) have undergone criticism from “historical skepticism” and are no longer considered as a paradigm of knowledge since the mid-late 17th century onward， the consequences engendered by such transformations have been preserved. Combined with new thoughts and methods， they have helped initiate a new stage of historical study in Europe， laying the foundation for the scientific study of history.

　　Wu Shaojie， The Birth of the Concept of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the Reactions of the United States (1970-1983)

　　Initially， the U.S. opposed the idea of EEZ， hoping to replace exclusive resource zones with UN Trust Territories instead. However， in order to relieve increasing domestic and international pressures， to fulfill national security objectives， and to reach agreements on maritime laws， the U. S. gradually conceded to and accepted the concept. Finally， the concept with conditions was officially endorsed by the U. S. . Based on national security considerations， the U. S. insisted on the preservation of the right to fly and sail over EEZs and of their legal status as international waters; the former claim was realized， while the latter was resolved via compromises. The U. S. benefitted from the EEZ system. Its policies on EEZ reflected the change of priorities in its maritime policy consideration， and demonstrated its pursuit of discourse power and leadership in the establishment of a maritime system. The negotiations on EEZ issues witnessed a gambling bout among coastal developing countries and great sea powers.

　　Guan Peifeng， The Negotiations between Bahrain and Saudi Arabia on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and Resource Sharing

　　As the international society was increasingly aware of the value of marine oil-gas resources， delineation of the continental shelf became a hot issue. In this context， Bahrain and Saudi Arabia held prolonged negotiations on bilateral issues， including the ownership of islands and reefs and the delineation of continental shelf. They finally reached an agreement on delineation and designated a region for sharing marine resource. Although in meting out the original claims， both sides lacked juristic precedence， they agreed on a compromise based on considerations of domestic situation and international relations， paving the way for a final settlement of the issue. Due to the ad hoc nature of the agreement， however， it cannot be considered a real agreement in a rigorous legal sense. Nonetheless， it provides an example for future settlements of similar disputes.

　　Liu Jinyuan， The Rise of Industrial Arbitration in Modern Britain

　　As a peaceful way of dispute settlement， the industrial arbitration used to be very popular in modern Britain. Official arbitrations led by magistrates were gradually replaced by voluntary arbitrations initiated by both sides， leading to a moderation of labor-capital relationship in the age of industrialization. In the early 19th century， the government enacted a series of acts to facilitate the enforcement of arbitration. However， these acts contradicted the volition of people and were largely ineffective. On the one hand， the rise of industrial arbitration reflected the changing role of the government in labor-capital relationship， from the traditional patriarchal intervener to a modern laissez-faire overseer. On the other hand， it marked the establishment of an autonomous reconciliation mechanism which provided the basis for the mechanism of collective bargaining in the late 19th century.

　　Qian Jinfei， The Political Development of Early Modern Germany： A Reflection on Sonderweg

　　The traditional Sonderweg theory maintains that Germany has followed a special path “different from but finally reverting to the West” since the 19th century. However， ascribing the origin of Sonderweg to the 19th century has been widely criticized. Many scholars have traced the tradition of autocracy back to the 16th century. This paper reveals three features in the development of Germany from the 16th to 19th centuries： federalism， parliamentarianism and the rule of law. They were preserved and improved on during the German Reich， the Weimar Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany. Not considering parliamentary democracy exclusive to the “Western” countries and autocracy the unique German tradition， this paper argues that from the 19th century on， Germany has embarked on a path “deviant from its traditions， but ultimately a return and sublation of its traditions”.

　　Wang Qian， The Commercialization of Forest Resources and the Change of Rural Germany in the 16th Century

　　Around the 16th century， due to increasing demands for raw materials (like timber) in urban development， industry and handicraft industry and large-scale deforestation for cultivated lands， wood became a precious commodity in Germany， resulting in exessive chopping down of forests. With the commercialization of forest resources， the conflict among princes， local lords and peasants was intensified， leading to the transformation of the rural economic system. Driven by interests， local aristocrats restored “serfdom” to exploit resources in autonomic communities of peasants; princes were eager to establish states， and they hoped to bring forest resources under control by official decrees. The commercialization also resulted in adjustments in property rights： ownership， possession， and the right to use were mixed to realize the sale of forest resources. Meanwhile， state governments strengthened their control over forests： the post of forestry officer was established to stop over-deforestation. With the introduction of artificial forests， forestry became an industry. These phenomena reveal a distinct pattern of the development of commodity economy in rural Germany. Hence， the over-simplified generalization that urban commodity entered into villages and brought an abrupt destruction of feudalism is dispelled.

　　Sun Jian， “Titles” of Ordinands in Late Medieval England

　　In medieval England, the clergy was required to hold a “title”, which means the sufficient financial resource he possessed, when he was ordained to major orders as an ordinand in the ordination ceremony. After that, the clergy was eventually eligible to find a job within the ecclesiastical system. Four types of “titles”, appearing in the ordination lists preserved in the episcopal registers of the diocese of Hereford between 1400 and 1532, were those which were accepted by the Church. The first was monastic “title”. It might only be “legal fiction”but was approved and encouraged by the Church. The other three (patrimonial “title”, private “title” and benefice “title”) were less in number, but they indicated the real economic resource obtained by the clergy. These specific “titles” reflect the social and economic relations between the Church with its clergy and the secular English society in the later Middle Ages. They also demonstrate that the Church still had its solid foundation in pre-Reformation England, and that the clergy remained attractive to the secular individuals. In addition, some “titles” imply the instability within the Church and the changing of secular attitude towards the Church. In conclusion, the “titles” provide the essential and direct proof which reveal the actual situation of the society and the Church in England in the eve of the Reformation.

　　Gao Ke， The Construction of National Park in the United States and the Vicissitudes of Native American's Life： The Case of Yellowstone in 1872-1930

　　With the development of the Westward Movement， the natural scenery of the Yellowstone region attracted the attention of American society since the mid-late 19th century. Initiated by some elites， the Yellowstone National Park was established. In their view， this region was entirely unoccupied. However， it had long been the homeland of Native Americans. The Act of Dedication was enacted to preserve natural resources and develop tourism， which contradicted the survival of Native Americans. As a consequence,they were expelled. However， in order to cater to the imagination of tourists， park administrators and tourism developers used images of Native Americans as an attraction， resulting in their “return” to the park. The treatment to Native Americans in this campaign was thus a continuation of the arrogant Native American policy of the U.S.： it was a facet of unjust American environmentalism.

　　Shu Jianzhong， The United States and the September 11 Coup of Chile in 1973

　　In order to overthrow the leftist president Allende， the United States designed a set of complicated secret policies and strategies， based on “CIA reports” and complemented by “the project of Department of State” and “the project of Department of Defense”. Later， the United States initiated a comprehensive covert operation， including methods and means of economy， politics， propaganda and paramilitary. It finally resulted in the September 11 coup d'état， and the elected Allende government was replaced by the pro-American Pinochet government. The September 11 coup was an example of covert operations which were initiated by the U.S. to overthrow legitimate foreign governments for the sake of its own national interests.

　　Song Peijun and Zhang Qiuxia， The Post-War Housing Policy of Singapore

　　In the late 1980s， based on the modernization of labor movement， Singapore generally met the goal set by the Home Ownership Scheme in 1964. However， since the late 1990s， especially in the 21st century， the characteristic Singaporean “Home Ownership democracy” was challenged by the new age of “magnificent housing”. At the beginning of the Singaporean independence， Lee Kwan Yew proposed that “housing was crucial to the country”， which suggested that the implementation of a housing policy was indispensable to the establishment of the nation. Therefore， the realization of the post-war housing policy of Singapore was highly parallel to the construction of its state system.