　　The Chinese Rites Controversy in France-Factional Struggle behind the Letter to the Pope from the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris in 1700 /Chen Zhe(48)

　　The Evolution of the Opinion on Interest-taking in Early Modern Britain /Tang Ke(61)

　　On Two Proposals for the Mid-Tudor Privy Counci /lBian Yao(74)

　　The View of Freedom of Italian Humanists in the Renaissance: From the Perspective of “Virtue Politics” /Guo Lin(87)

　　American Financial Reform during the Great Depression /Li Shi’an(99)

　　An Analysis of Wilson’s Diplomatic Thinking /Zhu Jian(113)

　　The Spread of the Legend of Diamond Valley across the Eurasian Continent /Zhang Xushan(129)

　　Anti-ambitus in the Late Roman Republic and the Decline of Republic /Liu Xiaoqing(140)

　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Sun Jiqiang, The View on War Responsibility in Japanese Journalism during the Early Postwar Period of World WarⅡ

　　Since Japan decided to accept the Potsdam Declaration, the view on war responsibility has become an important issue in the Japanese society. However, the stance of Japanese journalism on this issue was characterized by prevarication, equivocation and distortion. It firstly tried to circumvent the popular discussion of war responsibility with an excuse of “protecting the imperial system”. Later, with the development of democratization, Japanese journalism started to reflect on the responsibility issue and implemented a series of reforms and reconstructions of the extant wartime system. However, it still clung to the notion of “the total repentance of 100 million of populace” and deemed Japan as a “victim”, obscuring the subject of responsibility and distracting the investigation into war responsibility. Hence, the view on war responsibility of post-war Japanese journalism could be considered as a continuation of Japanese wartime ideology. 　

　　Xu Saifeng, Racism and Japanese Foreign Policy after World WarⅠ

　　Japan became one of the five greatest world powers after. Nevertheless, with the Immigration Act of 1917 passed in the United States and the racial equality proposal defeated in Paris Peace Conference, the awareness on racial discrimination and racial crisis of Japan which appeared already, was exacerbated. In order to maintain its practical interest, however, Japanese government had long made concessions to the racial exclusion of western world. Instigated by the coercion of the new world order and racial conflicts faced by Japanese immigrants in the U. S. , the racial consciousness of Japanese people gradually formed the psychological basis for an anti-American sentiment. At the same time, Japan propagandized various forms of “racism” in East Asia to rival with western powers and to justify its invasions. The ambivalent attitudes toward racial issues of Japan were a vivid reflection of the Japanese foreign policy after World WarⅠ. 　

　　Huang Yanhong, On the Space and Boundary of Medieval France

　　The spatial arrangements of medieval France were multifarious. All the bases of religious space, feudal space and monarchical space experienced a transition from interpersonal to regional. Similarly, the power of the church, lords and kings, combined with the boundary awareness and administration, was “regionalized” as well. The consciousness and historical memories of people played important roles in this process, while changes in the modes life and production, and the social-political practices of important figures contributed to the formation of new spaces. Special locations symbolizing different forms of powers and their practices became centers of these spaces. This centralization occurred more or less in the regionalization process of these spaces in different ages.

　　Chen Zhe, The Chinese Rites Controversy in France-Factional Struggle behind the Letter to the Pope from the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris in 1700

　　In 1700, the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris wrote to Pope Innocent XII, expressing the hope that the latter would grant a decision on the nature of the Chinese Rites. Under the acquiescence of Madame de Maintenon, the mistress of Louis XIV, Bossuet (Bishop of Meaux) and his adherents attempted to use the secretly published letter to attack the Jesuits in the General Assembly of Clergy, but they did not gain support from all the bishops and Louis XIV who also showed his indifference. Then the letter was submitted to Sorbon, and became the chief source of the censure on Jesuits’ attitude to Chinese culture. The Holy See was reluctant to answer the letter, resulting in continued fierce quarrels between both sides of the argument, while most bishops refused to clearly state their stands before the decision of the Pope. In 1704, Pope Clement XI finally made his decision to support the M. E. P. , which deeply influenced the development of the relation between China and the West. Based on original French documents, this paper will first reveal the complicated relation between the Jesuits and their opponents behind the conflict of religious orders, before turning to the perplexing political struggles in the court of the Sun King, and the delicate relation between France and the Holy See.

　　Tang Ke, The Evolution of the Opinion on Interest-taking in Early Modern Britain

　　In early modern Britain, people’s opinions on interest-taking underwent revolutionary changes. Interest-taking, a sin in the Middle Ages, became a conduct morally appropriate and economically significant. With the development of capitalist economy, the rising capitalist class had a strong desire concerning the legalization of the interest. On the other hand, they also became strong enough to free themselves from the bondage of the religious tradition. Accordingly speakers of the new class gave a new kind of explanation on the Bible and Christian traditions, in which interest was no longer incompatible with the Bible. Moreover, they created an independent ethical system, which centered on economic gains and considered interest-taking as a positive conduct. In a word, this transition was a significant event in the development of capitalism.

　　Bian Yao, On Two Proposals for the Mid-Tudor Privy Council

　　The Privy Council was a cardinal institution in Tudor government, and the mid-Tudor was a crucial period in the development of the Privy Council. In terms of the internal construction of the Privy Council, two governmental officials, Paget and Petre, designed and proposed two projects respectively. These two projects were the only two surviving texts on the rules and regulations of the Privy Council so far. They depicted blueprints of the Privy Council system, which signifies the beginning of the modernization of British government. Both of them focused on the convening of the council meeting, the reception of state letters, the formulation of agenda, the distribution of duties, and the record of minutes. Some of them were accepted while others reflected methods of administration at that time. Both proposals witnessed the formation of the Tudor Privy Council, and crystalized the political opinion on government administration of the time. They were essential materials for the study of the Privy Council, as they documented critical events in the construction of the Privy Council. The system proposed in them was imitated by continental European governments, and had a direct impact on the cabinet system afterwards.

　　Guo Lin, The View of Freedom of Italian Humanists in the Renaissance: From the Perspective of “Virtue Politics”

　　Italian Humanists’ view on Freedom in the Renaissance was taken as an integral part of the grand tradition of republicanism by modern thinkers who study on the history of Republicanism ideology. However, the understanding of freedom of Humanists in the 14th-15th centuries was not confined to the framework of republicanism. Instead, the ethical notion of “virtue” was the Humanists’ chief criterion for freedom. Centered on this notion, their political thinking could be named as “virtue politics”. According to their interpretation, freedom was the reward for virtue; the virtue of the ruling class was key to the success of a regime. However, “virtue politics” also justified hierarchical system and military expansion. Hence, the humanists’ emphasis on virtue as a social remedy was appreciable, while the latent elitism and imperialism was to be noticed with caution.

　　Li Shi’an, American Financial Reform during the Great Depression

　　During the Great Depression, Hoover and F. D. Roosevelt implemented two financial reforms to revive the American economy. The first preluded the second, while the second expanded and renovated the first: Roosevelt changed expedients of Hoover’s reform into long-term plans, thusly sketching the blueprint of American financial development. These reforms enabled the American government to stabilize the currency, establish a secured financial system, maintain the financial order, make financial policies, and realize government’s constitutional regulations on finance. They led American financial industry to a healthy and sustainable route of development, and laid a solid foundation for the post-war economic boom. Their implications were precious: a nation should modernize its currency policies, and implement them in accordance with its own domestic circumstances; it should exert effective regulations on currency, and establish a sound financial system; the central government should regulate finance according to the constitution.

　　Zhu Jian, An Analysis of Wilson’s Diplomatic Thinking

　　Woodrow Wilson’s project for postwar order has induced numerous studies, discussions and debates, among which there seemed to be two different versions of Wilson. One was a warlike neo-imperialist, and the other was a liberal internationalist and multilateralist. Among those who thought there were two Wilsons, some held that Wilson experienced a transformation from the former to the latter, while others claimed that the former was the true Wilson, and the latter just a personae. As a matter of fact, Wilson’s imperialism should be considered as paternalistic imperialism rather than neo-imperialism. Furthermore, it co-existed with liberal internationalism throughout Wilson’s presidency. Although implemented with different targets, the two thoughts in Wilson both aimed at the universalization of liberalism, which can be considered that there was only one Wilson.

　　Zhang Xushan, The Spread of the Legend of Diamond Valley across the Eurasian Continent

　　The rifeness of the Legend of Diamond Valley among the Eurasian continent testified to the intercourse among different peoples in this vast area. As an important part of the communication across the Eurasian continent, this legend entered the China during the Southern Liang dynasty. At the very beginning, the story was about a treasure hunter casting meat chunks in a valley full of diamonds and using vultures to take out diamonds sticking on the meat. In the Arabian age, two elements were added to the original: the serpent in the valley, and the hero who conquered the serpent-Alexander the Great. After the Mongolian age, the new version and original version co-existed across the Eurasian continent. Originating in the Hellenistic world, the legend was transmitted across the entire Eurasian continent, and the original version spreading in Persia and Central Asia also reached China and was recorded in Chinese literature.

　　Liu Xiaoqing, Anti-ambitus in the Late Roman Republic and the Decline of Republic

　　Ambitus was common in the political life of the Roman Republic. In the late republic, the method, occurrence and scale of ambitus developed extravagantly. The official attempt to use law by the Roman authority to fight against ambitus was far from success. The failure of anti-ambitus brought unprecedented damage to the political system and provincial administration of the late republic. Ambitus only corrupted the political climate, destroyed pre-existing overt and covert rules in Roman politics, and subverted the fundamental republican principle of check and control. It also brought further deterioration to the condition of provinces. From the aspects of both central government and provinces, it accelerated the decline of the republic.

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