《世界历史》2016年第4期

目  录

　　·海外专稿·

　　情感史视野下的法国大革命 /谭旋(4)

　　姐妹共和国？——比较视野下的美国革命和法国大革命 /彼得·迈克菲(16)

　　·冷战史·

　　“自由”话语与冷战初期美国国内政治动员——以欧洲复兴计划为中心 /李昀(27)

　　1958年杜勒斯-戴高乐会谈与美法关系 /姚百慧(37)

　　尼克松政府“中国许可证清单”的出台与中国的反应 /邓峥云(50)

　　·欧洲史·

　　中世纪西欧工资劳动市场再探——以产生时间和原因为中心 /徐浩(61)

　　中世纪英格兰仆从的法律地位探析 /王超华(71)

　　法国宗教改革时期纯洁派与新教之间的谱系建构问题 /王文婧(80)

　　19世纪英国全科医生群体的崛起及影响 /王广坤(91)

　　两德统一的外交史: 史料、论争与前景 /王帅(105)

　　·亚洲史·

　　两面性的日本近代化先驱——论吉田松阴思想的非近代性 /唐利国(117)

　　幕末勤王思想对明治维新的影响——以水户学为中心 /朱坤容(131)

　　·史学理论·

　　战后英美史学理论界关于“历史解释”与“历史叙述”的论争——以曼德尔鲍姆的批判为线索 /顾晓伟(143)

　　COTENTS

　　French Revolution and Emotion /Timothy Tackett(4)

　　Sister Republics? The American Revolution and French Revolution in Comparative Perspectives /Peter McPhee(16)

　　The Rhetoric of “Freedom” and the American Political Mobilization in the Early Cold War: On the European Recovery Program /Li Yun(27)

　　The Meeting between Dulles and de Gaulle in 1958 and Franco-American Relations /Yao Baihui(37)

　　The “List of Nonstrategic Items” Made during the Nixon Administration and China's Reaction /Deng Zhengyun(50)

　　The Wage Labor Market in Medieval Western Europe: When It Emerged and Why /Xu Hao(61)

　　The Legal Status of Servants in Medieval England /Wang Chaohua(71)

　　The “Kinship” between French Cathars and Protestants in the Reformation /Wang Wenjing(80)

　　The Rise of General Practitioners in 19th-Century Britain and Its Influence /Wang Guangkun(91)

　　The Diplomatic History of the German Reunification: Materials, Debates, and Prospects /Wang Shuai(105)

　　A Forerunner of Japanese Modernization with Two Sides: On the Non-Modern Aspect of the Thought of Shoin Yoshida /Tang Liguo(117)

　　The Influence of Late Shogunate Loyalism on the Meiji Restoration: The Example of the Mito School /Zhu Kunrong(131)

　　The Debate on “Historical Interpretation” and “Historical Narration” among Postwar Anglo-American Historical Theorists: Centered on the Criticism of Maurice Mandelbaum /Gu Xiaowei(143)

　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Timothy Tackett, French Revolution and Emotion

　　The study on the emotional history of the French Revolution focuses on emotional factors behind people's actions.It explores numerous historical records(such as diaries and correspondences)written by witnesses of the Revolution searching for experiences-exultation, love, fear, anger, hatred etc., thusly providing brand new perspectives on the understanding of violence and terror in the Revolution.During the early phase of the Revolution, people expressed intensive feelings of exultation and philanthropy, but the notion of equity was soon rejected by aristocrats and clergymen.The feelings of frustration and betrayal formed a peculiar terror of conspiracy, and the society was filled with rumors, which incurred anger and hatred.Apart from research on emotions and their interactions, the study on the emotional history also emphasizes emotional differences, their mutual influences, and the relation between emotions and actions among different social groups.It also compares the French Revolution with other major revolutions in other countries in the hope of achieving a comprehensive understanding on the French Revolution and the emotional identity of 18th-century France.

　　Peter McPhee, Sister Republics? The American Revolution and French Revolution in Comparative Perspectives

　　Since the invention of the notion “Atlantic Revolutions” by J.Godechot and R.R.Palmer, the international research of the “age of revolutions” has been revitalized in recent years.More and more researchers tend to interpret “revolution” as a transnational, even global phenomenon.In a comparative perspective, both of the American and French revolutions were the result of the competition of global imperialism; they were influenced by the Enlightenment; they were similar in terms of universal ideals, gender-political culture, the pursuit of equality, etc.; and they both incurred severe social-political schism.However, they were drastically different in political institutions, results of the pursuit of equality, and attitudes toward slavery.The peculiarity and impact of the French Revolution, an “epicenter” of the age of revolutions, can only be well understood in the perspective of transnational history or global history.

　　Li Yun, The Rhetoric of “Freedom” and the American Political Mobilization in the Early Cold War: On the European Recovery Program

　　Faced with the dire situation of the postwar Europe, the Truman government implemented the European Recovery Program(ERP).In order to win over the domestic public support, the Truman government proposed a set of political rhetoric based on “freedom”.Starting from “freedom”, it propagandized a threatened national security and an “alien” USSR.With the help of social communities, an American international image of “the guardian of freedom” was created.The U.S.successfully infused an international program of national interest with a strong moral sense.It not only won over public sympathy and support, but also “legitimized” American interference into international affairs during the Cold War.

　　Yao Baihui, The Meeting between Dulles and de Gaulle in 1958 and Franco-American Relations

　　Charles de Gaulle resumed the premiership of the French Fourth Republic in June 1958.Though being supportive to his return, the U.S.was skeptical of his upcoming policies.Therefore, in order to lay a solid foundation for the relationship between the two countries, John Foster Dulles, the U.S.Secretary of State, took an official visit to Paris from 3 to 6 July in that year.The meeting between Dulles and de Gaulle covered many issues: the relationship between the East and the West, the international status of France, NATO, the development of nuclear weapons in France, the Lebanon issue, the summit, etc.Generally speaking, their disagreements prevailed during the meeting.This was a result of the differences between the two countries in terms of strategic status, and the domestic and diplomatic situations. The meeting solidified de Gaulle's determination in the pursuit of an independent diplomacy and to some extent altered the U.S.strategy of nuclear deployment in Europe.Hence, it could be considered as the beginning of the exacerbation of Franco-American relations.

　　Deng Zhengyun, The “List of Nonstrategic Items” Made during the Nixon Administration and China's Reaction

　　Shortly after assuming office, Nixon started to mitigate U.S.-China relations.One of his early moves was to ask Department of Commerce, in consultation with other relevant departments, to make a “List of Nonstrategic Items” for trade with China to help ease trade restrictions and improve relations between the two countries.However, serious disagreements arose among departments in the making of the list.Although the White House, considering the interests of various parties, finally approved and announced the list, which marked a turning point in the U.S.trade policy to China, it failed to achieve the prospective results.China's reaction to it was lukewarm.This case indicates that the economic encouragement policy on the diplomatic objective in the international economic relations could be restricted by mutual understandings of the implementing party and the target side, and by their respective domestic situations.

　　Xu Hao, The Wage Labor Market in Medieval Western Europe: When It Emerged and Why

　　Neo-Malthusianism attributes the rapid growth of the wage labor market in mid-medieval Europe to overpopulation, while Marxist historians ascribe the market in late medieval Europe to the crisis of feudalism and rise of capitalism.In different periods of the Middle Ages, manors, peasant families, and manufactories and shops had different degrees of demand on the wage labor market.Hence, high demand determined the high proportion of wage labors in medieval Europe, especially in England.The wage labor market in medieval Western Europe was supplementary, not heterogeneous, to the familial labors in peasantry and manufactory, and the servant labors in manors.Only under certain circumstances could it be transformed into the contract labor of capitalism.

　　Wang Chaohua, The Legal Status of Servants in Medieval England

　　In medieval England, young servants who learned skills in others' households formed a special social group.The extant Court Rolls of that time indicate that lots of lawsuits involved servants.They demonstrate that servants not only appeared at the courts as parties, but also took the litigant responsibilities, for example, they were fined for trespassing on others' properties.Such cases show that servants were considered as members of the masters' families, but they had no legal dependence on the latter.Servants contracted freely with their masters, which was essentially a contractual relation that was hidden behind the ostensible family ties.This determined servants' independent legal status.The contractual relation and independent status were important characters of servants as a type of wage labor, from which some clues to the origin of English capitalism could be found.

　　Wang Wenjing, The “Kinship” between French Cathars and Protestants in the Reformation

　　Catharism was a “heresy” in middle and late medieval Southern France, which was extinct by the 14th century.However, during the Reformation in the 16th century, Catharism was deemed the precursor of French Protestantism.At that time, Catholicism was at odds with Protestantism on almost every issue, but they were strikingly similar in the insistence on this purported “genealogy”.This phenomenon was closely related to the political-religious situations in France and the polemic strategy employed by both sides.Learning from the Crusaders' repression of Cathars, Catholic scholars determined that this “heresy” should be eradicated by force.On the other hand, the Protestants sympathized with the persecuted Cathars, and by chance found an opportunity to reverse their unfavorable position in the religious dispute.Hence, they started to actively interpolate the “kinship” between Cathars and Protestants into the history of Protestantism.

　　Wang Guangkun, The Rise of General Practitioners in 19th-Century Britain and Its Influence

　　In modern Britain, doctors were divided by a strict hierarchy of physicians, surgeons, and pharmacists(from high to low).They organized respective societies to maintain the established order.However, with the social development and increasing demand on medical care in the 19th century, this system collapsed gradually.General Practitioners(GP), who were familiar with both surgery and pharmacy, emerged and prevailed in medicare service.In order to escape from the old hierarchy and build a GP based new order, GPs initiated a series of medical reforms.As a result, the hierarchy in the medical circle was eliminated, and a new medical system suitable to Britain and the time was established.

　　Wang Shuai, The Diplomatic History of the German Reunification: Materials, Debates, and Prospects.

　　The German Reunification was among the most significant events in the 20th century.Its unexpectedness, multifariousness, and promptness have caught the attention of many researchers and scholars.In the first decade after the reunification, scholars, journalists and engaged politicians composed various versions of “initial historical drafts”, profiling the diplomacy in the reunification.After the successive declassification of documents, the “second drafts” witnessed the more profound and detailed studies carried on by researchers.They discussed many issues—the cause, the role of Britain and France, the relative importance of Germany and the U.S., the diplomatic policy of Germany, etc.—in the process of reunification.Based on these multilateral documents, prospective researches could be done to clarify obscure details and construct the history with multiple perspectives before finally providing accurate historical assessments.

　　Tang Liguo, A Forerunner of Japanese Modernization with Two Sides: On the Non-Modern Aspect of the Thought of Shoin Yoshida

　　Shoin Yoshida(1830-1859), a forerunner of Japanese modernization, has been highly praised among scholars.However, the conservative aspect of his thought should not be ignored.He vehemently supported feudal personal status and failed to develop a sense of modern citizenship, his political thought was restrained by moralism and failed to realize the necessity of institutional reform, he never reflected on personal liberation while hoping that social mobilization could be achieved by the imposition of obligation on the mass.He legitimized his actions by the extremization of old thoughts—the deed of a typical “radical conservative”.As a forerunner of Japanese modernization, his thought concerning the strong sense of pre-modernism exerted great influence on Japan after the Meiji Restoration as well.The development of his thought foreshadowed the duality of Japanese modernization.

　　Zhu Kunrong, The Influence of Late Shogunate Loyalism on the Meiji Restoration: The Example of the Mito School

　　The Mito School(mitogaku)was an important school of thought in the late Shogunate period(bakumatsu), including the early school of historical studies and late school of political philosophy.The decline of Shogunate and the emergence of Western powers were the internal and external stimuli of the loyalism respectively.Focusing on the intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the Mito School, this paper discusses the influence of loyalism on the Meiji Restoration from the perspectives of “the Emperor” and “the Empire”: they created the awareness of “the Empire” and continued the awareness of “the Emperor”.For one thing, the Meiji Restoration was a departure from the traditional polity.For another, loyalism remained in the new ideology.It reflects Japan's choice between nationalism and modernism in its process of modernization.

　　Gu Xiaowei, The Debate on “Historical Interpretation” and “Historical Narration” among Postwar Anglo-American Historical Theorists: Centered on the Criticism of Maurice Mandelbaum

　　The debate on “historical interpretation” and “historical narration” has been central to the nature of historical knowledge among Anglo-American analytical philosophers of history.Firstly, the discussion of “historical interpretation” of the analytical school was a revolt against the nature-history dichotomy of the traditional historicism of continental Europe.They discarded the route toward “historical knowledge” established by the critical school and focused on the “historical method” of empiricism.Secondly, the discussion of “historical narration” of the analytical school was still in the framework of “historical interpretation”.After all, historical narration was a form of interpretation in nature.Although being relevant, it was fundamentally different from the narrative approach.