《世界历史》2016年第5期

　　目 录

　　·欧美史·

　　美国传统工业大州“去工业化”（1950—1990）——以宾夕法尼亚州为中心的考察 /王旭(4)

　　19世纪英国围绕性病防治的争端 /毛利霞(17)

　　14世纪初期基督教世界政治的变化——以1337年《和平宣言》的解读为中心 /卢兆瑜(29)

　　·环境史·

　　19世纪英国人对伦敦烟雾的认知与态度探析 /陆伟芳(41)

　　环境政治史视野下的美国《1972年联邦环境杀虫剂控制法》 /滕海键(55)

　　·国际关系史·

　　“文学冷战”：大陆赴港“流亡者”与20世纪50年代美国反共宣传 /翟韬(67)

　　核扩散问题与艾森豪威尔政府和平利用原子能计划 /刘子奎(82)

　　17世纪上半叶台湾海峡贸易主导权问题新探——以荷兰侵占台湾初期的转口贸易为中心 /黄俊凌(95)

　　·古代史·

　　弥兰王还是米南德？——《那先比丘经》中的希腊化历史信息考 /杨巨平(111)

　　两河流域乌尔第三王朝白银的货币功能探析 /欧阳晓莉(123)

　　·学术史·

　　法国勒·普雷学派的中国研究及其影响 /郭丽娜(136)

　　第一届全国世界史中青年学者论坛综述 /孙丽芳 邹薇(151)

　　CONTENTS

　　The“Deindustrialization”of A Traditional Industrial State 1950-1990: An Examination Focused on Pennsylvania /Wang Xu(4)

　　The Controversy on the Prevention and Control of Venereal Diseases in 19th-Century Britain /Mao Lixia(17)

　　Political Changes in the Christian World in the Early 14th Century： An Interpretation of the Peace Announcement of 1337 /Lu Zhaoyu(29)

　　On the Awareness of and Attitude toward the London Smog among 19th-Century British People /Lu Weifang(41)

　　The Perspective of Environmental-Political History on the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 /Teng Haijian(55)

　　The Cold War in Literature： US Anti-Communist Propaganda and the Refugees in Hong Kong in the 1950s /Zhai Tao(67)

　　Nuclear Proliferation and “Atoms for Peace” of the Eisenhower Administration /Liu Zikui(82)

　　The Dominance of Trade across the Taiwan Strait during the Early 17th Century： The Entrepot Trade in Early Dutch Invasion /Huang Junling(95)

　　King Milinda or Menander： A Note on the Hellenistic Information in Milindapanha /Yang Juping(111)

　　The Monetary Function of Silver in Ur III /Ouyang Xiaoli(123)

　　The Chinese Studies of the Le Play School and Their Influences /Guo Lina(136)

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Wang Xu， The“Deindustrialization”of A Traditional Industrial State 1950-1990: An Examination Focused on Pennsylvania

　　The Deindustrialization of Pennsylvania has epitomized the adjustments of economic sectors and regional economic structures in the U.S. since the middle of the 20th century. During such process， governments actively cooperated with the industry， which facilitated the industrial transformation and upgrade. New growth pattern was formed while high-tech and service industry became dominant. Along with the healthy economy， urban spatial structure changed as well. Traditional cities were replaced by metropolises. The spatial distribution of economic entities reflected the integral development of urban and rural economy.

　　Mao Lixia， The Controversy on the Prevention and Control of Venereal Diseases in 19th-Century Britain

　　With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the venereal diseases caused by the prevalence of prostitution became commonplace. The prevention and control of venereal diseases therefore attracted broad social attention in Britain. In the first half of the 19th century， civil societies and the Church helped set up hospitals to prevent and control venereal diseases. In the second half of the century， in order to curb the occurrence of venereal diseases in the army and navy， the British government enacted the Contagious Diseases Acts which issued mandatory medical inspection in certain military fortress and towns， and tried to promote it nationwide. However， the Repealers， mainly consisting of middle-class women， condemned the acts from the perspectives of morality， legislation， class， gender， etc. They launched the “Repeal Movement” and actively exposed the evil of “white slave trade”， trying to increase the social awareness of child prostitutes. With the concerted effort of the Repealers and the Parliament， the acts were abolished. The prevention and control of venereal diseases returned to the private sphere. The controversy on the prevention and control of venereal diseases reflected traditions of individual freedom and promoted the feminist movements in Britain.

　　Lu Zhaoyu， Political Changes in the Christian World in the Early 14th Century： An Interpretation of the Peace Announcement of 1337

　　Before the 14th century， the Pope was the sole authority for launching the Crusades. However， the Peace Announcement by Edward III of England in 1337 indicated that secular monarchs of the early 14th-century Christian world were able to wage wars in the name of the Crusades.This reveals a series of changes in the political climate： the religious authority was redistributed， and the old notion of “the divine right of kings” was reshaped; feudalism gave way to power politics， and the international political practices of the Christian world were reoriented accordingly.

　　Lu Weifang， On the Awareness of and Attitude toward the London Smog among 19th-Century British People

　　Since the Industrial Revolution, the production and life-style of Britain transformed London into a city of smog. Yet， except for some doctors， specialists， and upper-mid-class citizens， the majority of the British people deemed it a common， even healthy， phenomenon.Their social awareness of and attitude toward the smog changed with the development of science and the passage of time. At first， smog was only considered inconvenient and uncomfortable; people put more emphasis on the possible negative social and moral effects of a blurred atmosphere. Later， people realized that the smog was detrimental to animals and plants， and was corrosive to objects. This finally led to the awareness of its fatal physiological effects on human body. Hence，British people's awareness of and attitude toward pollution were formed and changed gradually.

　　Teng Haijian， The Perspective of Environmental-Political History on the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972

　　Since the end of World WarⅡ， the American society had an increasing need for higher living standards and had more awareness of environmental issues. Realizing that the wide use of chemical pesticides was detrimental to health， American people initiated modern environmental movements. Debates were held between environmental organizations and the chemical industries on the categorization and utilization of chemical products， the authority of detection and investigation， the disclosure of data and information， the right to prosecute and penalize， and indemnification. As a result， the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act was enacted in 1972. Although it was largely a compromise， the Act took environment protection and public health into the consideration of pesticide regulation and relevant legislation. Hence， it has strongly influenced the development of pesticide regulation in the United States.

　　Zhai Tao， The Cold War in Literature： US Anti-Communist Propaganda and the Refugees in Hong Kong in the 1950s

　　During the 1950s， United States Information Service-Hong Kong (USIS-Hong Kong) mobilized the refugee Chinese intellectuals to write novels on anti-Communist themes, especially those written for the overseas Chinese students. The information officers of U.S.then covertly published and marketed these novels in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia for the propaganda purpose. The themes， discourses and images constructed in the novels reflected not only anti-Communist ideologies， but also America's own historical， cultural and religious values and ideologies. These novels to some degree worked because of the sophisticated propaganda technique—“personification of anti-Communist ideology”.

　　Liu Zikui， Nuclear Proliferation and “Atoms for Peace” of the Eisenhower Administration

　　The “Atoms for Peace” plan of the Eisenhower administration was designed to restrict the development of nuclear weapons in non-nuclear countries by exporting limited nuclear technologies for civil purposes. However， the plan actually aggravated nuclear proliferation. Its failure was mainly caused by the following factors： the emphasis of vertical proliferation and the neglect of horizontal proliferation; the absence of effective international control and inspection; the duality of Eisenhower's policy; the promotion of peaceful use which actually facilitated development of nuclear technologies. Undeniably， some countries benefited from the plan， but its side-effects could not be overlooked： the first step of non-proliferation efforts ironically accelerated proliferation. Eisenhower's plan failed to notice that， though the iron blade of nuclear power could be molded into plough， the plough could also be recast into sword.

　　Huang Junling， The Dominance of Trade across the Taiwan Strait during the Early 17th Century： The Entrepot Trade in Early Dutch Invasion

　　In the early 17th century， the Netherlands， Spain， and other European powers competed for domination of the highly profitable trade in East Asia. The Dutch invaded Taiwan in 1624， and the island became a trading post linking mainland China， Japan， Southeast Asia and Europe. The entrepot trade during the early period of invasion was closely related to the commodities provided by private maritime merchants of the Ming dynasty.The different opinions held by scholars focused on who actually controlled the entrepot trade: the Dutch East India Company or the Chinese merchants. Since the trade was influenced by many factors， this paper proposes that neither side was able to realize domination. From 1624 to 1644， which is the final stage of the Ming dynasty， the Dutch entrepot trade experienced a pattern of inception， development， and eclipse， with domination alternating between the Dutch and the Chinese.

　　Yang Juping， King Milinda or Menander： A Note on the Hellenistic Information in Milindapanha

　　Sutra of the Bhiksu Nagasena (Milindapanha) was the only Buddhist sutra in which an Indo-Greek king was one of the two main characters. Based on the texts of the Chinese and English versions translated from Pali， and combined with other documents and the latest numismatic and archaeological findings， it can be shown that the sutra contained certain tincture of Hellenism. The King Milinda (King Milan) in the Buddhist sutra was the King Menander who ruled northwest India in the middle of the 2nd century. His birthplace “A Li San (Alasanda)” was the “Alexandria of Caucasus”; his capital She Jie (Sagala) was probably his temporary abode during a civil unrest. It was possible that he and his followers converted to Buddhism during this period. But he was never a monk， being only a lay believer. He died in the military camp and was greatly honored and sadly lamented.

　　Ouyang Xiaoli， The Monetary Function of Silver in Ur III

　　It remains an open question whether money existed in ancient Mesopotamia. Karl Polanyi developed an influential theory and elaborated upon four functions of money： a means of payment， a standard of value， a medium of exchange， and a means of storing wealth. This article proceeds from the above functions of money defined by Polanyi and analyzes the monetary function of silver attested in the economic documents from the Umma province in the Ur III dynasty (2112-2004 BC). It tracks the movement of silver in the local economy and discovers that at that time the dependents of the Umma institutional economy had the option of paying taxes in silver instead of kind and could also substitute a silver payment for their corvée obligation. The merchants played a crucial role in channeling silver to the dependents in exchange for their side products. The provincial government represented by the governor collected the silver payments so as to pay special taxes to the crown. This article concludes that， through having these monetary functions， silver infused a certain degree of flexibility indispensable to the highly centralized redistributive economy of the Ur III dynasty.

　　Guo Lina， The Chinese Studies of the Le Play School and Their Influences

　　The Le Play school was an early school of anthropology and sociology in the West. Combining knowledge of geology， sinology， anthropology， and sociology， it theoretically set China as a strictly moral and patriarchal society. This image was a consequence of the “chinoiserie” in 18th century Europe. It also showcased profound reflections by French liberal intellectuals on national (even European) issues and globalization. For the Le Play school， this interpretation was a piece of important supportive evidence for its theory of European social stability and the ideal of peace. For oriental studies in early modern Europe， it reflected the complexity of cultural relations between the East and the West.