《世界历史》2016年第6期

　　目 录

　　·欧洲史·

　　18世纪英国奢侈消费大讨论 /李新宽(4)

　　18世纪英国服饰消费与社会变迁 /王洪斌(15)

　　弗伊格特的“四个支柱方案”与德国民族民主党势力的重新抬头 /邢来顺 高中杭(30)

　　苏联村社财权的丧失及其影响 /赵旭黎(45)

　　·亚非史·

　　论日本近代早期的非传统国家观 /许晓光(57)

　　战后英美在英属撒哈拉以南非洲的经济伙伴关系（1945—1964）——基于英国政策的考察 /杭聪(73)

　　范西纳的非洲史研究 /刘伟才(84)

　　·古代史·

　　查士丁尼与贝利撒留：拜占廷帝国皇权与军权关系的一个范例 /刘榕榕 董晓佳(94)

　　罗马政治视域下的犹太人起义 /冯定雄(104)

　　·中外关系史·

　　从德福兰案看20世纪30年代初期的中美交涉 /张德明(118)

　　16—17世纪“布哈拉人”与欧亚内陆贸易网络的构建 /褚宁 马建春(130)

　　·马克思主义与世界历史·

　　恩格斯的《德国农民战争》及其史学意义 /荆腾(140)

　　CONTENTS

　　The Great Debate on Luxury Consumption in 18th-Century Britain /Li Xinkuan(4)

　　Clothing Consumption and Social Transition in 18th-Century Britain /Wang Hongbin(15)

　　Udo Voigt's “Four-Pillar Strategy” and the Revival of National Democratic Party of Germany /Xing Laishun and Gao Zhonghang(30)

　　The Deprivation of Financial Power in the Soviet Rural Communities and Its Consequences /Zhao Xuli(45)

　　The Non-traditional Theories of State in Early Modern Japan /Xu Xiaoguang(57)

　　The Post-WWII Anglo-American Economic Partnership in Sub-Saharan British Territories (1945-1964) /Hang Cong(73)

　　Jan Vansina and His Research on African History /Liu Weicai(84)

　　Justinian and Belisarius: A Case of the Relation between Imperial and Military Power in the Byzantine Empire /Liu Rongrong and Dong Xiaojia(94)

　　The Jewish Uprisings from the Perspective of Roman Politics /Feng Dingxiong(104)

　　The Tehchow (Dezhou) Incident and Sino-American Negotiations in the Early 1930s /Zhang Deming(118)

　　The “Bukharans” and the Establishment of the Eurasian Inland Trade Network

　　in the 16th-17th Centuries /Chu Ning and Ma Jianchun(130)

　　The Peasant War in Germany by Friedrich Engels and Its Historiographical Significance /Jing Teng(140)

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Li Xinkuan, The Great Debate on Luxury Consumption in 18th-Century Britain

　　In 18th-century England, the boom of luxury consumption triggered public concerns about the collapse of traditional social hierarchy, corruption of traditional morality, and the eruption of trade imbalance. Combined with the need for a new understanding of the economic significance of luxury, a great debate on luxury consumption was engendered. Bernard Mandeville's The Fable of the Bees further fueled the argument. Intense discussions were held referring to various topics, such as the definition of luxury, morality and luxury consumption, economy and luxury consumption, health and luxury the consumption, etc. This debate facilitated a psychological conversion among British people regarding consumption and the formation of a consumer society in Britain. Moreover, this debate encouraged British people to started to reflect on the traits of domestic goods and introduced innovation to production. The topic of luxury therefore brought new elements to social and economic theories and became one of the major themes in the 18th-century British political economics.

　　Wang Hongbin, Clothing Consumption and Social Transition in 18th-Century Britain

　　In the 18th century, the popular clothing in Britain experienced a thorough change. Monochromic, crude, and undecorated dress was gradually replaced by colorful, high-quality, beautiful and decent clothes. Even the poor could afford second-hand fashionable clothes. On the one hand, socioeconomic development spurred a change in clothing consumption, which epitomizes a society in transition. The growth of purchasing power and living standards of 18th century Britain provoked a demand for clothing. Meanwhile, changes in the patterns of family, marriage, occupation, involuntary consumption and clothing industry were also related to varied consumptions. On the other hand, the varied consumption in turn promoted a social changing. It not only stimulated the revolution of textile industry, foreshadowing the upcoming industrialization, but also obscured the boundaries of social hierarchy and status, facilitating an ideological evolution.

　　Xing Laishun and Gao Zhonghang, Udo Voigt's “Four-Pillar Strategy” and the Revival of National Democratic Party of Germany

　　The far-right National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) has barely survived since its establishment in the 1960s, especially after German reunification. To deal with the difficult situation, Udo Voigt who was elected as the chairman of the Party in 1996 proposed a “Four-Pillar Strategy”, including “Fight for the street”, “Fight for the minds”, “Fight for the parliaments”, and “Fight for the organized will”. Due to the implementation of his strategy, NPD members increased rapidly and the Party won a series of elections. Accordingly, NPD has revived and become the biggest far-right party in Germany. However, this Party is not popular enough and the possibility that it is to win a seat in the parliament is still faint.

　　Zhao Xuli, The Deprivation of Financial Power in the Soviet Rural Communities and Its Consequences

　　The “public donation” was a traditional practice in Russian rural communities. The collection of public funds provided rural communities with a stable and reliable income by which communities could meet their own economic, social, and cultural needs. However, after the “crisis of grain collection” in 1928, in order to support national industrialization, public donation was mandatorily nationalized and utilized to compel peasants to sell grains to the government. Although the measure was strongly resisted by the peasants, the Soviet policy effectively changed the donation into a tax, which resulted in the deprivation of financial power of rural communities. Consequently, the economic basis of rural autonomy and the public service of rural communities were undermined, while the Soviet administration and centralized governance were reinforced because they were conducive to agricultural collectivization.

　　Xu Xiaoguang, The Non-traditional Theories of State in Early Modern Japan

　　Early modern Japan witnessed the emergence of many active thinkers who accepted the prevalent Western political theories. They criticized the traditional political theory of state, government and administration which were in dominance for a long period in Japan and raised non-traditional and modernized theories. Without resorting to the deification of the Mikado, the divine right or the spontaneity of state, they explained the origin of state by analyzing the conflict in social development. They also discussed the nature and function of state and government in an unorthodox way. Their theories involved the protective function of state, a “for the people” government, a non-interfering government, etc., all of which were distinctive from traditional ideology. Their works promoted to lay the theoretical foundation for the modernization of political systems in Japan.

　　Hang Cong, The Post-WWII Anglo-American Economic Partnership in Sub-Saharan British Territories (1945-1964)

　　After the Second World War, an Anglo-American economic partnership by virtue of the connection of capital was formed in sub-Saharan British territories. Their common and complementary economic demands constituted the basis of cooperation between these two parties. They shared the common pursuit in the aspect of monopoly of the world's economic resources. Britain required capital for the colonial exploitation and America needed the sources of raw materials and commodity market without undertaking too much expenses of maintaining “order”. This developed the bilateral complementary pursuit. The reconciliation of contradictory demands lubricated their cooperation. Britain gradually admitted the American predominant power over the sources of Britain colonies while maintaining its own interests. America allowed British capital to share certain economic sources but insisted to own the right of deciding the portion and pattern. The connection of private capital from both sides was critical to the cooperation. The cooperation and disagreement between British private capital and American private capital are the underlying reasons of maintenance of the bilateral economic relations. The fact that the capitalists pursued the profit maximization could impel the capitalists to give up the competition on the national level. Meanwhile, the different groups of them owned their benefit pursuits respectively. Their cooperation was not without competition in both public and private sectors. The cooperation did not end up with the collapse of the British Empire.

　　Liu Weicai, Jan Vansina and His Research on African History

　　Jan Vansina is one of the major figures in modern African history studies. Based on oral and material sources, he combined his studies with archaeological and anthropological methods and proposed his own theory and practiced accordingly. He made an immense contribution to the historical studies of the Congo River basin, African Great Lakes region and the equatorial region, all of which were long despised by colonists and racist historians as “ahistorical”places. Although he paved the way for further researches, due to the intrinsic limitation and inadequacy of oral and archaeological sources, his studies should be evaluated critically.

　　Liu Rongrong and Dong Xiaojia, Justinian and Belisarius: A Case of the Relation between Imperial and Military Power in the Byzantine Empire

　　Justinian I, the emperor of the Byzantine Empire, got very sick in 542 A.D., but he recovered later. During this period, Belisarius, the most important general in the Byzantine Empire, was accused of so-called “treason” and punished consequently. Therefore the relationship between Justinian and Belisarius was completely broken. In this event, as the direct attacker on Belisarius, the empress Theodora punished the general severely. However, this event also reflected a long-term trend in the Byzantine Empire, which was the emperor had been striving to prevent the expansion of the generals' power from threatening the imperial authority. It also demonstrated the disadvantages of the centralized system of the Byzantine Empire. In the meantime, the deterioration of the relationship between Justinian and Belisarius resulted in a unfavorable war abroad and an unstable political situation at home. It became one of the causes for the decline of the Byzantine Empire in the middle of the 6th century.

　　Feng Dingxiong, The Jewish Uprisings from the Perspective of Roman Politics

　　From the perspective of the Roman Empire, it could be observed that the Jewish uprisings in Judea were merely a small portion of many uprisings in the entire empire, instead of something special in Roman political life. It is also unreasonable to assume that the Jewish uprisings were particularly destructive, as extant sources are insufficient to support an accurate comparison between the destructiveness of Jewish uprisings and other uprisings elsewhere. Moreover, Judea had long been one of the stable frontier provinces of the Roman Empire. One of the main reasons for scholars to emphasize the uniqueness of Jewish uprisings is that the Jewish left relatively abundant writing documents, a fact that influences the “historical awareness” of later researchers. Besides, researchers have long been observing those material from a Jewish perspective; they forgot that Judea was only a part of the Roman Empire, whose political importance did not exceed its “contract” with the empire.

　　Zhang Deming, The Tehchow (Dezhou) Incident and Sino-American Negotiations in the Early 1930s

　　On 11 July 1931, an American missionary named Francis F.Tucker shot a Chinese, Wang Guoqing. Since consular jurisdiction was involved in this case, relevant negotiations were typical in Sino-American negotiations concerning the revocation of the treaty of extraterritoriality. Though the Chinese government wished to have Tucker tried under Chinese laws, it was forced to surrender him to the American consul. Afterwards Tucker was finally released due to lack of evidence. During the process of this incident, issues referring to heated discussions about the religious status of Tucker, reasons for the murder, extraterritoriality and others appeared on Chinese and American media. Although these discussions had positive effects on diplomatic negotiations, unequal treaties and the international legal system rendered the result unsatisfactory. On the other hand, radical nationalism which was fermented in the discussions was to be condemned. In sum, the Tehchow Incident demonstrated the reasonable demand for the revocation of extraterritoriality by the Chinese government and the general public. It also showcased the interaction between public opinion and law. However, due to the limited national power and practical need for a Sino-American alliance, the demand was fruitless.

　　Chu Ning and Ma Jianchun, The “Bukharans” and the Establishment of the Eurasian Inland Trade Network in the 16th-17th Centuries

　　Scholars in Europe and North America believed that since the 16th century, the role of Central Asia as an important position of inland international trade had been in decline, which can be attributed to two aspects.The first one is that the vast invasion of Uzbeks and other tribes made the unified empire in Central Asia began to disintegrate.The second is the impact of the globalization after Great Geographical Discoveries. Actually, the traditional commercial towns in Central Asia remained a certain degree of prosperity in the 16th and 17th centuries, where “Bukharans” were the main body of business group of playing a particularly critical role. During that period,“Bukharans”, a generalized business groups, put many civilized areas such as Central Asian cities and towns, grasslands, India, Persia, Russia and China together through religious and geopolitical relations, and built Inner Eurasian trade network in a large-scale consequently. It is because of the long-term control of the Far East trade by “Bukharans” that forced a new Siberia trade routes explored by Russian government actively, to some extent for avoiding itself from the Far East trading system dominated by “Bukharans” in the second half of the 16th century. To sum up, the Central Asian caravans in Inner Eurasia had still maintained their irreplaceable trade position in one or two hundred years after the Opening of the New Sea Route.

　　Jing Teng, The Peasant War in Germany by Friedrich Engels and Its Historiographical Significance

　　Through studies on “the peasant war in Germany”, Engels' work established a major historiographical tradition. According to his work, the new economic life in the 16th century and its impact on medieval traditions formed the background of the peasant war. Determined by such background, disagreements and conflicts among different social classes on old and new life styles resulted in the final war. Engels' analysis of “plebeians” was the key to the interpretation of the war as the “early bourgeois revolution”. Therefore, Engels' explanation of the peasant war in Germany was not simply microeconomic as many scholars have deemed; instead, it based on specific human beings and developed a comprehensive investigation into the living conditions and styles of different social classes. This line of explanation constitutes the essence of Engel's work in historiography.