《世界历史》2014年第1期

目 录

　　第一次世界大战与欧美和平运动的发展 / 徐蓝(4)
　　17世纪东亚海权争夺及对东亚历史发展的影响 / 庄国土(20)
　　19世纪末欧洲国际法中的“文明”标准 / 刘文明(32)
　　政治希伯来主义与近代早期共和话语的构建 / 张倩红 艾仁贵(43)
　　“三色徽之争”与大革命中的女性 / 汤晓燕(54)
　　19世纪伦敦市场上的牛奶掺假问题 / 刘金源 骆庆(66)

　　• 第9届全国青年世界史工作者会议论文撷选 •
　　美国国内围绕欧洲复兴计划议案的辩论及其影响 / 李 昀(76)
　　英国殖民统治期间对印度森林的管理开发状况研究(1858—1947) / 宋云伟(89)
　　日本武士道论视野中的中国儒学 / 唐利国(100)
　　近代俄国律师制度的创建及其影响 / 郭响宏(111)

     • 研究综述 •

　　国际视野下的美国民权运动史研究新进展 / 于 展(126)

　　• 书 评 •
　　评《文化的帝国：20世纪全球“美国化”研究》/ 王玮 田肖红(136)

　　• 学术报道 •
　　法国学者比日耐谈社会史研究 / 张 丽 姜 芃(140)
　　多维视域下的世界历史研究
　　——第9届全国青年世界史工作者代表学术研讨会综述 / 李加洞(143)
　　第三届全国社会科学院世界历史研究联席研讨会综述 / 汤水清(148)
　　“全球化的历史研究：理论、途径与个案”学术研讨会综述 / 张殿清 商 薇(151)
　　“欧洲文艺复兴史研究”学术座谈会综述 / 杨盛翔 宁 雅(155)

　　• 书 讯 •
　　《西方宪政史》(顾銮斋主编) / (150)
　　《全球化进程中的历史教育：亚欧教科书叙事特征比较》(孟钟捷等编) / (154)

　　CONTENTS

　　The First World War and Development of Pacifist Movement in Europe and the US / Xu Lan(4)
　　Competition for the Seas in East Asia in 17th Century and Its Influence on East Asia / Zhuang Guotu(20)
　　The Civilization Standard of International Law in 19th Century Europe / Liu Wenming(32)
　　The Political Hebraism and Construction of Early Modern Republic Discourse / Zhang Qianhong，Ai Rengui(43)
　　The Conflict of Tricolored Cockade and Women in the French Revolution / Tang Xiaoyan(54)
　　The Adulteration of Milk in London Market in 1 9th Century /Liu Jinyuan，Luo Qing(66)
　　Domestic Debate over European Recovery Program Legislation in the US and its Influence / Li Yun(76)
　　The Management and Development in Indian Forests during the British Colonial Period (1858—1947) / Song Yunwei(89)
　　Chinese Confucianism from the Perspective of Bushido of Japan / Tang Liguo(100)
　　On the Creation of Modern Russian Advokatura and Its Influence / Guo Xianghong(111)

　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　The First World War and Development of Pacifist Movement in Europe and the US
　　Xu Lan

　　The Pacifist movement in Europe and the United States did not have a major impact on the international situation prior to the First World War．Soviet Russia，born in the Great War，with its peaceful diplomatic orientation and Lenin’s principle of peaceful coexistence，opened a new chapter in international history．World War 1 was so cruel that it led to the emergence of an ethos of anti—war，war— weariness and fear of war．causing the rise of Pacifist movement in Europe and the United States；the Pacifist movement in the 1920s，to some extent，promoted the development of international law regarding limiting war and protesting against war．The trend toward appeasement of the Pacifist movement in the 1930s，which was the ideological and social basis of developing and implementing appeasement policies，indirectly encouraged fascist aggression and expansion and finally encouraged fascist states to launch the Second World War．This historical phenomenon offers a unique contribution to peace studies and gives us an important revelation：pacifism opposes all war absolutely，which sometimes backfires and may encourage the occurrence of wars．Nowadays，improving peaceful systems，adhering to the concepts and practices of peaceful coexistence，and peaceful settlement of international disputes，are offering effective contributions to world peace．

　　Competition for the Seas in East Asia in 17th Century and Its Influence on East Asia
　　Zhuang Guotu

　　Since the 17th century．in order to dominate the high．profit maritime trade in East Asia，the Dutch and British competed via military force with the earlier arriving Portuguese and Spaniards，as well as the local Chinese．Japanese．an Muslim traders．Up until the late 17th century the Dutch defeated the other competitors and established its sea power in East Asia．Since then，the Europeans controlled the seas and major maritime trade profit in East Asia，which changed decisively the historical trends of East Asian countries and led the latter into colonization or semi．colonization for more than 200 years．

　　The Civilization Standard of International Law in 19th Century Europe
　　Liu Wenming

　　In late 19th century，European jurists explicitly valuated the international practice and legal rights in terms of European civilization，so that a civilization standard of international law in accordance with the rule of international relations took shape．According to this standard，countries in the world were classified into different levels such as“civil”，“barbaric”or“uncivil”．Countries in different levels acquired different levels of international acknowledgement．Those countries which were tagged on“barbaric”and“uncivil”were excluded out of the“International Community"，which was in reign of international laws and western countries．Then，a hierarchical world order in the sense of international law had been constructed．It was built when the western powers were aiming at searching for legal reasons to divide the world and achieve the colonial rule in the transition period to imperialism．It was built v1‘a interaction between western powers and non—western countries．However，from the perspective of the 0rigin of thought．it was the product of binary thinking between“selfhood”and“others”in the tradition of European international laws．

　　Ai Rengui，The Political Hebraism and Construction of Early Modern Republic Discourse
　　Zhang Qianhong

　　In the circle of European political thought in the 16th．18th centuries，some Church’s scholars cited Hebrew Bible and they thought Hebrew Republican society created by God was perfect for Israelites．The trend of thought of Political Hebraism was originated from Italy and then extended towards the north．It had 1asted for three centuries and climbed on its peak in Holland and Britain．Essentially．Political Hebraism used the classical political concept of Greek and Rome to explain ancient Hebrew societies in different forms，whose aim was to offer a reasonable proof for discourse construction of modern actions against royal power to establish a republic government by these ideal Hebrew precedents．Therefore，the Hebrew factors had been changed and even twisted in the establishment of modern European political civilization．

　　The Conflict of Tricolored Cockade and Women in the French Revolution
　　Tang Xiaoyan

　　The conflict of tricolored cockade in 1793 was a turning point in the gender politics in the French Revolution．The event began with the dissatisfaction of women for the quotation policy．Economic conflict led to a division of women revolution camp．The conflict between two sides showed up through the problem of how to wear the tricolored cockade and immediately。the discussion of women’s political rights was raised up．Words like“the confusion of gender roles was the root of political disorder”could find proof in thought of philosophers in the Enlightenment including Rousseau．Promoted by political crisis，gender politics became the dominant discourse．Women clubs were closed．Women exited from the public political stage．The influence of the event continued until 19th century．

　　The Adulteration of Milk London Market in 19th Century
　　Liu Jinyuan  Luo Qing

　　In London in 19th Century，along with the change in milk resource market，the quality and security of milk gained attention of the whole society．Conditions including watering，degreasing，coloration and adding preservative to milk became increasingly intensified，which posed threat to people’s health．The spreading of adulteration in London market was related closely with peddlers’pursuit of good profits，the backwardness in government’s supervision of milk quality as well as lack of laws and bad inspection．In the second half of the 1 9th century，with the enhancement of the government contr01．Great Britain issued a series of laws and rules concerning food security．The supervision of food security including milk was improved．Then，the adulteration of milk was contained gradually．

　　Domestic Debate over European Recovery Program Legislation in the US and its Influence
　　Li Yun

　　Economic Cooperation Act of l 948 is the product of a heated debate among US Institutions．The legislative bodies and the interest groups．This act defined the policy of European Recovery Program (ERP)．It protected the special benefits of the interest groups in the US．This act developed an organization mode on the basis of cooperation in which experts were responsible for managing and coordinating the recovery in Europe．In it．the country and the civil societies could work together．The Truman administration took advantage of this favorable opportunity brought by the argument in EPR to provoke a strong atmosphere against the Communism．This argument not only accomplished the policy design for ERP．but also enhanced the level of institutionalization of the foreign aid in the US．By doing so，it laid a basis of public opinion for the US to curb communism and to interfere the outside world under the banner of freedom .

　　The Management and Development of Indian Forests during the British Colonial Period (1858—1947)
　　Song Yunwei

　　By the middle of the 19th century，India had completely become a colony of Great Britain．Meanwhile，the forest in Britain had been used up．Therefore．The British Parliament passed a bill in which the property right of forests of Indian villages and communities was deprived．The British came to control the forests．The Forest Bureau in the colony grew a large quantity of woods for construction of railways or exporting．The forests in India was then industrialized．After the traditional．rotational cultivation system in India was abolished．to some extent．The scientific forest management was introduced into India．which promoted the development of modern forest science in India．The forest policy of Britain reflected the change in thought of society，and relations between human beings and nature in Britain．It also destroyed the social system in India．On one hand．it encouraged the modernization of India．and on the other hand．it intensified the interference to ecology．

　　Chinese Confucianism from the Perspective of Bushido of Japan
　　Tang Liguo

　　Bushido is a very important discourse system during the process of shaping national recognition in modern Japan．The paper chooses three Bushido representatives of three very important historical periods of Modern times—Transition period-Contemporary times，who are Yamaga Soko(1622—1685)，Yoshida Shoin(1830—1859)and Inoue Tetsujiro(1855—1944)．This paper，based on analysis of these three representatives，is aimed to make an investigation on how these representatives，who were dedicated to national self-recognition construction．dealt with Confucianism from China when they talked about the history of Bushido．Yamaga Soko，under the basis of fundamentals of Confucianism, made Confucianism localized and China a foreign culture via peeling off the fundamentals of Confucianism from China．Yoshida Shoin was committed to explore Confucianism with general meaning and seek for the possibility of construction of Japanese nationality with Particularism．His thought became one of the important resources of China—despising thought．Inoue Tetsujiro，as the representative of definite period of Bushido，had abandoned Confucianism completely．Chinese culture centered on Confucianism，as the unavoidable other culture．was used firstly and then abandoned．The dual construction of“others”and“selfhood“became dual“unreal construction”．

　　On the Creation of Modern Russian Advokatura and its Influence
　　Guo Xianghong

　　The lawyer institution is commonly used in legal system by Europe and the United States and it is seen as a part of the country under the rule of law．Based on the indicial experience of western countries，Tsarist government created the advokatura during the indicial reform in 1864．Lawyers’defense thus became one of the prominent features of indicial system in Imperial Russia．Modern Russian advokatura was mainly divided into four types，which were the sworn attorney．the attorney—in—training，the private lawyer and the underground advokatura．At first，the lawyer institution is relatively independent because of its strict professional access and self—government．But later the advokatura was limited by internal division，public criticism．etc．However．the creation of the lawyer institution was quite significant for Russian social change，transformation of people’s law—consciousness and national construction under the rule of 1aw.