《世界历史》2014年第2期

目 录

　　中日关系的历史分期与转折 /武 寅(4)
　　泛非主义与非洲一体化 /舒运国(20)
　　20世纪巴勒斯坦民问社会的发展与特点 /姚惠娜(38)
　　联合国军队构想的缘起及命运——《联合国宪章》第43条的实施进程 /韩长青(49)
　　论美国政府开发落后地区的投资模式 /黄贤全(61)
　　制造“正义”——殖民时期美国东北部的杀狼历史与传说 /王玉山(74)
　　“一个多民族的非民族国家”——近现代瑞士国家的生存、建立与发展 /马 丁(88)
　　帕提亚人的斯基泰渊源——文献与考古学证据 /王三三 邵兆颖(100)

　　·史学史研究·
　　论文艺复兴时期意大利史学的实证倾向 /孙锦泉(116)
　　近代早期欧洲巫术史研究范式的演变 /孙义飞(130)

　　·书 评·
　　开拓世界城市史研究的新领地——读《世界历史：城市发展和经济变革》/洪庆明(140)

　　·会议报道·
　　第十届中日韩古代欧洲历史学术研讨会综述 /贾文言(145)
　　中国非洲史研究会第九届年会综述 /毕健康 陈 勇(148)
　　中国英国史国际学术研讨会综述 /刘 畅 袁梨梨(152)

　　·书 讯·
　　《古典民主与共和传统》/晏绍祥(19)
　　《20世纪美国环保运动与环境政策研究》/徐再荣(99)　　

CONTENTS

　　Historical Periodization and Shift of the Relationship between China and Japan /Wu Yin(4)
　　Pan-Africanism and Afriean Integration  /Shu Yunguo(20)
　　The Development and Impact of Civil Society in Palestine in the 20th Century /Yao Huina(38)
　　The Origins and Destiny of the UN Troops：Focusingon the Historical Processof Implementation of Article 43 of the UN Charter  /Han Changqing(49)
　　0n the Investment M0de of American Government in Less—developed Regions  / Huang Xianquan(61)
　　Creating“Justice”：The Wolf-killing History and Legend in the Northeastof U.S during the Colonial Period  /Wang Yushan(74)
　　A Multinational Non-nation Stare：Survival，Establishment and Development of Modem Switzerland  /Ma Ding(88)
　　The Scythian Origin of Parthians：Literary and Archae。logical Evidenees  / Wang Sansan，Shao Zhaoying(100)

　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES
　　Historical Periodization and Shift of the Relationship between China and Japan
Wu Yin

　　From ancient times to modern times, the first phase of the history of relationship between China and Japan was characterized by respect and conciliation, the second phase was characterized by catching up and following, and the third phase was characterized by challenging and turning. The third phase was the first historical crucial turning in the history of Sino—Japanese relation. Japan's aggression in modern time against China characterized the fourth phase. With the recovery and development after World War II, both countries became great powers. The pattern of confrontation is gradually clear, and the relationship enters the transition period prior to a second historical turning. This is the fifth phase of the relationship, i.e, confrontation and returning. At present, the unprecedentedly complicated situation in the Sino—Japanese relation is a special phenomenon during the second historical tuning and transition period, and is also an inevitable process prior to the formation of a new pattern of relationship.

　　Pan-Africanism and African Integration
　　Shu Yunguo

　　Pan—Africanism is the nationalism of African continent, which has experienced three historical periods of development in more than 1 00 years. In the initial period, Pan—Africanism called on various nations in Africa to cross the boundary of nation and geography and unite to struggle jointly for the independence of African continent and freedom of Negro races. In the exploratory period, Pan—Africanism not only guided African continent to complete the historical mission of entire independence, but also guided nations to step into a road of exploring integration. After entering the new century, African countries re—hold high the banner of Pan—Africanism and accelerate the process of integration. After analysing three historical stages of Pan—Africanism，it is not difficult for US to discover that although situations and tasks faced by the African continent in each period are different, the core of Pan—Africanism is always “African integration”. For this, in each historical period, thinkers of Pan—Africanism can always start from African integration and give characteristics of the times to Pan— Africanism in accordance with requirements of the times thereby continuing to push the process of African integration.

　　The Development and Impact of Civil Society in Palestine in the 20th Century
　　Yao Huina

　　Civil society of Palestine in the 20th century was affected and pushed by special history and political environments, which is a very unique example in the development of civil societies across the world. Long history of conflicts with Israel, internal politics of factionalism and quasi—state status without complete sovereign rights of Palestine determine that civil societies in Palestine have the following apparent characters: to come into being and develop under the circumstance of no existence of sovereign state, to survive by relying on external supports, to actively participate in politics, and to have prominent factional characters. Civil societies in Palestine play a special and important role in social and political life, and have complementary cooperation and inter—dependent relationship with national power institutions of Palestine，but also have conflicts．Civil societies can restrict authoritative dominance of national power institutions to some extent. but their driving force for democracy is limited.

　　The Origins and Destiny of the UN Troops：Focusing on the Historical Process of Implementation of Article 43 of the UN Charter
　　Han Changqing

　　Article 43 of the Charter of the United Nations requires all members of the United Nations to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security and undertake to make available to the Security Council, on its call and in accordance with a special agreement, armed forces necessary for carrying out its decisions. The Security Council once asked the Military Staff Committee to submit its recommendations regarding basic principles with which it should govern the organization of United Nations armed forces. Although discussion of the report of the Military Staff Committee resulted in constructive clarifications and prominent progress in drafting, it proved impossible to reconcile, the fundamental disagreements among the five permanent members of the Security Council. The failure of the negotiations of the Special Agreements and the deterioration of political relations between the major powers all but preclude supplying the Security Council with armed forces as envisaged under the arrangements set forth in the U. N. Charter. In consequence, the Security Council could hardly be expected to take effective collective military measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace and for the suppression of aggression or other breaches of peace.

　　On the Investment Mode of American Government in Less．Developed Regions
　　Huang Xianquan

　　Combined with typical individual cases in different periods, and according to the investment and development methods of government, the investment models on less—developed regions could be concluded into three types. The first is land resources investment model. With public land as capital, the west accomplished transportation and agriculture reform．In the progress, immigrants and enterprises became major power, and advanced technology was integrated with western resources. The second is state—owned enterprises investment model. The Congress allocated funds to set up state—owned enterprises and tapped natural resources along the Tennessee River. The state—owned enterprises were the only ones which could be engaged in production management directly. They sought for maximizing the benefit. However, by doing so, it became difficult to attract production factors in or 0utside this region to take part in development activity. The third is infrastructure investment model. The government invested in the construction of various fundamental infrastructure and attracted production factors outside. Therefore, the west was led on a development road of self-concentration successfully. The government investment models and the integration between land resources and the funds, technology and talents attracted from outside, will decide the effect of development.

　　Creating “Justice”: The Wolf-killing History and Legend in the Northeast of U. S during the Colonial Period
　　Wang Yushan

　　Killing of wolves by immigrants in the Northeast of U. S during the colonial period not 0nly met their demand for survival, but also created the “justice” of killing villains through the tradition inherited from the legend to meet their spiritual demand. To meet the demand for survival reduced the quantity of wolves, and to meet spiritual demand was the main reason for causing extinction of wolves. In nowadays when species diversification is disappearing, to deprive other species of the right 0fsurvival due to people’s “justice” is worthy of reconsideration and analysis for historians, Whatsoever from a perspective of history or legend.

　　A Multinational Non-nation State: Survival, Establishment and Development of Modern Switzerland
　　Ma Ding

　　In modern times, the process of survival, establishment and development of Switzerland is very special among the whole European continent. Switzerland is located in the middle of western Europe, surrounded by powerful states，and its three major domestic nations are the same as nations of surrounding countries, and its domestic ethic and religious problems are intertwined with ethnic contradictions and religious contradictions of neighboring countries. However, in the past centuries, under the threats of complicated geopolitical environment, affected by the sentiment of fanatical nationalism in Europe and by tremendous war clouds and religious disputes, the Swiss formed a strong national cohesion by seeking common ground while reserving differences. They melted the country into a stable state being bound by a common cause and successfully built Switzerland into a modern “multinational non- nation state”.

　　The Scythian Origin of Parthians：Literary and Archaeological Evidences

Wang Sansan，Shao Zhaoying

　　Parthians were actually different peoples in different historical periods. Parthians during the Aehaemenid period were the name of the early inhabitants of the Parthian area in the Persian Empire called by the Greek, and Parthians in the usual sense were the joint name called by classical writers for the founders of Arsaeid Dynasty, which are Parthians discussed in this article. Archaeological materials have not only verified the records in literatures regarding the idea that Parthians originated from Scythians, but also have carefully reflected the Scythian prairie cultural connotation owned by Parthians. From the perspective of development process of the history of Parthia, it was Scythian nomadic cultural features owned by Parthians’ life and customs that established the foundation for achievements of the Parthian Empire.