《世界历史》2015年第2期

　　目 录

　　·美洲史·

　　美国马里兰州的精明增长政策 /孙群郎(4)

　　约翰·霍姆斯与加拿大中等国家外交思想和实践 /钱皓(15)

　　对阿根廷考迪罗的文化解析——以曼努阿尔·德·罗萨斯为例 /潘芳(25)

　　·欧洲史·

　　拿破仑统治时期的莱茵邦联改革运动 /邢来顺 韦红(35)

　　英国工业化时期的犯罪问题及其社会成因 /许志强(48)

　　·亚洲史·

　　华夷秩序扩大化与朝鲜、日本之间相互认识的偏差——以庚寅朝鲜通信日本为例 /刘永连 谢祥伟(60)

　　甲午战争期间日本的军费筹支 /崔金柱(69)

　　近代日本农本主义与亚洲主义的关联性——以“中国通”长野朗的思想为中心 /刘峰(78)

　　·古代史·

　　古希腊体育竞技中的裸体习俗探析 /王大庆(88)

　　塞拉麦涅斯与公元前5世纪末的雅典政治 /徐松岩(99)

　　洛林吉亚国王罗退尔二世离婚风波迭起的历史动因 /朱君杙(109)

　　·学术史·

　　查尔斯·比尔德的美国外交史学述论 /曲升(120)

　　欧洲思想史研究范式转换的学术路径 /李宏图(135)

　　·学术访谈·

　　法国大革命中的“极中派”——巴黎索邦大学皮埃尔·塞尔纳教授访谈录 /潘丹(144)

　　·学界动态·

　　“东亚基督教与冷战”国际学术研讨会综述 /陈铃(150)

　　“美国宪法史研究的新视野”学术研讨会综述 /于留振 徐扬(152)

　　“两岸学者共话·世界史”论坛综述 /李杨(154)

　　·书讯·

　　《现代欧洲思想史——新评价和新视角》（98）

　　《历史语境中的市场——现代世界的思想与政治》（98）

　　《二战前日本农业问题与政党内阁的农业政策研究》（108）

　　CONTENTS

　　The Smart Growth Policy of Maryland State /Sun Qunlang(4)

　　John Holmes and the Theory and Practice of Canadian Diplomacy as a Middle Power /Qian Hao(15)

　　A Cultural Analysis of Argentine Caudillos: The Example of Manuel de Rosas /Pan Fang(25)

　　The Reform of the Confederation of the Rhine in the Napolionic Era /Xing Laishun, Wei Hong(35)

　　Crime Problem and Its Social Causes during the Period of British Industrialization /Xu Zhiqiang(48)

　　Korean and Japanese Mutual Perception Deviations against the Backdrop of the Enlargement of the Hua-yi Order /Liu Yonglian, Xie Xiangwei(60)

　　The Financial Mobilization of Japan during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 /Cui Jinzhu(69)

　　The Correlation between the Physiocracy and Asianism of Japan: The Thought of Akira Nagano /Liu Feng(78)

　　On the Nudism in Competitive Sports in Ancient Greece /Wang Daqing(88)

　　Theramenes and the Athenian Politics in the late 5th Century B.C. /Xu Songyan(99)

　　The Historical Reasons for a Series of Disturbance Incurred by the Divorce of Lothar II, the King of Lotharingia /Zhu Junyi(109)

　　On Charles ABeards Historiography on the History of American Diplomacy /Qu Sheng(120)

　　How to Understand the Changing Paradigms of Intellectual History /Li Hongtu(135)

　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Sun Qunlang, The Smart Growth Policy of Maryland State

　　The low density sprawls of American metropolises have resulted in severe economic, social, and ecological consequencesThus, in the 1970s, there was a drastic change in the ethics of development of the U.S., and a growth management and smart growth movement began.In order to solve relevant problems which were also afflicting other states, Maryland state implemented the first “smart growth” code in the history of America, which was also the first code mainly resorting to incentive mechanism.It attracted the immediate attention of the American and foreign departments and scholars concerned.However, lacking mandatory regulations, the effect of the code was limited.

　　Qian Hao, John Holmes and the Theory and Practice of Canadian Diplomacy as a Middle Power

　　After the Second World War, there were extensive theoretical discussions among the Canadian academic and political circles on whether there were independent patterns for middle powers to follow during the competition and conflict of great powers, and whether it is possible for middle powers to have independent insistences in the political system of great powers.As an officer and scholar, who had worked in the Department of External Affairs and the Canadian Institute of International Affairs, John Holmes made a distinctive contribution.This paper analyzes the individual contribution of John Holmes to the construction, practice, and inheritance of the diplomatic thought of Canada as a middle power, in order to provide a view on the role of Canada in the international affairs and its challenge to the political system of traditional great powers.

　　Pan Fang, A Cultural Analysis of Argentine Caudillos: The Example of Manuel de Rosas

　　In the social development of Argentina, “Caudillo” is a sensitive and controversial topic.Juan Manuel de Rosas has always been considered a typical caudillo in South America.Long after the end of his reign, its impacts on Argentine society were obvious.After all, the function of Argentine culture should not be underestimated. Rosas was shaped by the cultivation of family culture and his perception of social culture.However, the history of his reign was attributed to his individual conduct, and there was no thorough reflection on its cultural background.The lack of criticism on traditional culture and the hysteresis of cultural transition resulted in the absence of an objective evaluation of Rosas, and even other caudillos.

　　Xing Laishun, Wei Hong, The Reform of the Confederation of the Rhine in the Napolionic Era

　　The reform of the Confederation of the Rhine was integral to German reforms in the 19th century.Due to the distinctive tradition, condition, and ideology of German states, the Confederation of the Rhine, as well as Prussia and other German states, developed in the path of reform, instead of revolution, but the motivation for reform was peculiar.The reform consisted of many aspects, such as the establishment of modern constitution, and the reform of public administration, of juridical system, of finance and economy, of agriculture, of education, and of religion, etc.This provided significant momentum for the modernization of the states in Southern Germany and exerted immense influence on the political development of German states.However, as the reforms were implemented from the above, conservative features were ineluctable.

　　Xu Zhiqiang, Crime Problem and Its Social Causes during the Period of British Industrialization

　　During the period of industrialization, Britain suffered more from the problems of crime and social disorder.Property crime, such as theft and robbery, were particularly rampant.There were various forms of theft and the stolen goods belonged to articles of daily use.According to distinct styles, robbery could be divided into two categories: one was highway robbery which took the rich man as main target, the other was common robbery which took pedestrians as objects.Violent crime challenged the social order and some crowd riots, such as the Gordon Riots, even once led to the paralysis of the government agencies.The exacerbating problems of crime and disorder were closely related to the underclasss pauperization and the deterioration of the social environment.Under the background of urbanization, increasingly large migrant population disengaged from the countryside relationship, while they didnt find a stable life in the new city environment.The life of many people became more unpredictable and difficult.

　　Liu Yonglian, Xie Xiangwei, Korean and Japanese Mutual Perception Deviations against the Backdrop of the Enlargement of the Hua-yi Order

　　In 1590 (The year of Geng Yin)，the Lee Dynasty of Korea dispatched envoys to Japan after being asked twice by the latter without reporting to the Ming Dynasty beforehand.A series of conflicts arose during the subsequent contacts with Japan.By analyzing this diplomatic event, we can discover some subtle change in traditional international relations in the region of East Asia that the China-centered Hua-yi order influenced Korea and Japan, both of which had their own minor order circles.With the expansion of the China-centered Hua-yi, both Korea and Japan had a sense of superiority themselves, and intended to bring the opposite side into their own Hua-yi order circles.There was a deviation in their mutual recognition of political relations which led to conflicts between them later.Because the enlargement of the Hua-yi order in Korea and Japan were different, the ways of their handling this issue varied.By looking into this event, we can have a more profound understanding of the rich features of the pre-modern international relations in East Asia, and discover some clues of its evolution to modern international relations in this region.

　　Cui Jinzhu, The Financial Mobilization of Japan during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

　　Far more complex than military confrontations, modern warfare was comprehensive competition between participating powers in terms of overall national strength and efficiency of mobilization.At the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, there were disagreements about the collection of military expenditure among the officials of the Japanese government and financial sector.Eventually, maintained by Masayoshi Matsugata, issuing internal debt defeated other propositions, such as raising donation or borrowing external debt, etc., and was accepted by the government.Hence, the government started to utilize special financial mechanism to raise money to wage the war.Besides agitating nationalism of the public, the Meiji government provided short-term loans, printed more money, and issued national debt, thereby gathering economic support from the financial sector and public.The role of the Bank of Japan was especially significant.The majority of military expenditure was borrowed from the Bank of Japan, then compensated by long-term government bonds until the end of war, and ultimately liquidated by the huge amount of war reparation from the Qing Dynasty stipulated by the Treaty of Shimonoseki.

　　Liu Feng, The Correlation between the Physiocracy and Asianism of Japan: The Thought of Akira Nagano

　　There were many “feudalistic vestiges” in the capitalism of modern Japan.Ideologically, there were urges to “restore” the traditional oriental physiocracy and Asianism.The analysis of the thought of Akira Nagano, the “China scholar”, illustrated that they not only “synergized”, resulting in profound and negative influence on the modernization of Japanese capitalism, but also correlated.This correlation could be interpreted from three particular perspectives: class consciousness, views on China and social movements, and sympathy with secret societies.

　　Wang Daqing, On the Nudism in Competitive Sports in Ancient Greece

　　Institutionalized by ancient Greek people, competitive sports were a sign of “Hellenism”, and nudism was important and characteristic to them.The tradition was unique to the contemporaneous Mediterranean civilizations, and probably singular to the whole human race.There have been vehement debates among western scholars from the 18th century about the origin and significance of the convention.One of the key issues is whether it was a realization or an idealization.Based on historical documents and extant researches, this paper provides a discussion of the characteristics and uniqueness, the historical origins, and the meaning and importance of nude athletics.The basic conclusion is that the nude competitive sports existed extensively among and was widely accepted by ancient Greek people; it also carried ancient Greek ideals, which were reflected by multiple aspects germane to nude sports, such as religion, society, politics, ethics, philosophy, aesthetics, etc.The mutual independence and enrichment of ideals and reality formed a distinctive tension.

　　Xu Songyan, Theramenes and the Athenian Politics in the late 5th Century B.C.

　　The 5th century B.C.was a troublesome time in the history of Athens and even the entire Greek world.Athens was afflicted by the internal and external crises, and frequent coups, and the situation was perplexed by the overt or covert conflicts among the different factions.Theramenes was indubitably one of the most significant figures in the political arena of Athens at the time of diminished oligarchy and volatile political environment.He basically stood for the interest of craftsmen and businessmen, and concerned himself with the fundamental and long-term benefit of the city-state.In order to increase the military recruitment, solve the financial crisis, and maintain the independence of Athens, he participated in and initiated several coups, usurped political powers, and then implemented legal “rehabilitations”. His policies were championed by the people, thus he was justly considered as “one of the best politicians” in the history of Athens.

　　Zhu Junyi, The Historical Reasons for a Series of Disturbance Incurred by the Divorce of Lothar II, the King of Lotharingia

　　Christianity viewed marriages as holy, thus “inseparable”.With the growth of Catholic Church and entrenchment of Christian thoughts, it formed a moral constraint for emperors, kings, vassals in Western Europe in the Middle Ages.Meanwhile, in order to achieve certain practical purposes, the Roman Curia and other political powers would impugn those who breached the purity of marriage.The divorce of Lothar II, the King of Lotharingia, was an instance.Due to the effect of interwoven factors, such as the restriction of Christian connubial ethics, the collapse of the Carolingian Empire, the conflict among the kindred kings, the rise of pontifical authority, etc., Lothar II was unable to divorce freely as his progenitor Charlemagne had done.On the contrary, he became a target of opprobrium, resulting in his tragic death and the division of his kingdom.

　　Qu Sheng, On Charles A.Beard's Historiography on the History of American Diplomacy

　　Studies on the history of American diplomacy were very important in the historiography of Charles A.Beard.He reflected on ideas and practices of American national interest in different eras, concluding that internationalism was incompatible with state benefits.Moreover, he proposed “continentalism”, an alternative view and corresponding foreign policy, which called for the abandon of internationalism and interventionism.He also censured the 1930s' foreign policies of the Roosevelt government, as he believed that such policies would result in the collapse of American democracy.Beard's historiography initiated the progressive tradition in the study of history among American historians.It was characterized by epistemological extensiveness and ideological radicalness, which bestowed the academic research with social and practical significance.

　　Li Hongtu, How to Understand the Changing Paradigms of Intellectual History

　　Although intellectual history has a long lineage and strong tradition in western academies，but by a systematic and thorough survey，we may find that，it had not formed a really historical approach until several decades ago.The condition then was changed because of the rising and progress of ‘Cambridge School’.Meanwhile，as a new paradigm，‘Conceptual History’ as has been put forward by Quentin Skinner and Reinhart Koselleck.It is remarkable that，recently，some scholars have strongly argued for the ‘International Turn’ in intellectual history under the background of globalization.Presently，on the one hand，intellectual history has continued to deepen its concrete research contents，on the other hand，it has also carried out some reflection and discussion about its quite different paradigms，and we can believe，all these would contribute greatly not only to the understanding of the foundation and dynamic of the innovations in intellectual history，but also to the reconstruction of its future orientation and academic nature.