目  录

　　•亚洲史•外债问题与奥斯曼帝国的深层危机 /王三义(4)

　　13—15世纪安南的国家意识与文化取向 /陈文源(17)

　　•欧洲史•英国中古前期的税收习惯 /顾銮斋(26)

　　盎格鲁—撒克逊时期英格兰的世俗贵族等级 /孙银钢(42)

　　奥斯曼时期巴黎的郊区化与城郊整合 /朱明(52)

　　•古代史•哈德良时期运输方式的改变与罗马东方领土的丧失 /许礼捷(63)

　　亚述行省制度探析 /国洪更(75)

　　•研究评述•武景碑与东南亚古史研究 /牛军凯(90)

　　近年来西方学界对英国消费社会兴起问题的研究 /曹瑞臣(101)

　　国内外学界关于美港关系史的研究述评 /孙晨旭(114)

　　•书评•从农民学到断裂国家理论

　　——《新剑桥印度史》的传统农业社会理论评析 /王立新(129)

　　碎片化的记忆与历史重构

　　——评王海利新著《失落的玛阿特》/郭子林(137)

　　•会议综述•世界历史研究回顾与展望暨世界历史研究所成立50年座谈会综述 /饶望京(140)

　　国际全球史与世界史组织联合会会议在德国举行 /孙岳(143)

　　中国世界近代史研究会2013年学术年会综述 /李冈原 伍学东(145)

　　“21世纪国际史学发展趋势”学术研讨会综述 /张文涛(147)

　　中国美国史研究会第十五届年会暨学术研讨会综述 /李晶(149)

　　潘润涵先生的史学思想简述徐健 /俞金尧(151)

　　CONTENTS

　　Foreign Debt and the Deep Crisis of the Ottoman Empire /Wang Sanyi(4)

　　The National Consciousness and Cultural Orientation of Annam in 13th-15th Centuries /Chen Wenyuan(17)

　　The Custom of Taxation in the Early Medieval England /Gu Luanzhai(26)

　　On the Secular Aristocratic Hierarchy of Anglo-Saxon England /Sun Yingang(42)

　　The Suburbanization and Integration of Paris during Haussmann's Renovation /Zhu Ming(52)

　　The Change in Transport and the Loss of Eastern Territories in the Reign of Hadrian /Xu Lijie(63)

　　On the Formation and Characteristics of Assyrian Provinces /Guo Honggeng(75)

　　On the Vo Canh Inscription and History of Ancient Southeast Asia /Niu Junkai(90)

　　A Review of Recent Western Researches on the Rise of British Consumer Society /Cao Ruichen(101)

　　A Review of Current Researches on the Relationship between the United States and Hong Kong /Sun Chenxu(114)

　　　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　Foreign Debt and the Deep Crisis of the Ottoman Empire

　　Wang Sanyi

　　Although the fall of the Ottoman Empire was not attributed to its foreign debts, the latter reflected certain details in the recession, crisis and ultimate collapse of the empire. With the increasing tax and trading income incomparable to the soaring expenditure on military, administration and domestic security, the empire was forced to borrow foreign debts which varied in amounts and were resulted from different motives, to mitigate its financial difficulties. Established to repay debts, the Ottoman Public Debt Administration brought direct benefits and latent hazards to the empire. It helped the empire surmount the fiscal crisis, but with functions infiltrating in many aspects of the empire, it also had adverse influences on a wide range of affairs from imperial administration to civil consciousness, including a vitiated loyalty of people to the Turkish governors.

　　The National Consciousness and Cultural Orientation of Annam in 13th-15th Centuries

　　Chen Wenyuan

　　After the independence of Annam, the country experienced hundreds of years of exploration in the establishment of its independent administrative system and cultural interpretation, the cultivation of national consciousness, and the stabilization of relationship with Chinese central governments. In administration, following the model of Song and Ming governments, Annam imitated Chinese administrative systems. In culture, the Trn dynasty respected Duke of Zhou and Confucius, while disparaging Zhu Xi，Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi. With the criticism on Neo Confucianism, unique cultural characteristics were articulated However, after the thirty year governance of the Ming dynasty, the Le dynasty changed its policy to “cultural identity”, adopting cultural and ethical values of the former and developed its own Confucian education and imperial examination systems. Moreover, Annam rulers created and standardized Chu Nom, and recorded and compiled national history, which contributed to the gradual formation of national consciousness From the perspective of Annam, China and Annam belonged to an identical Chinese culture; its relationship with Chinese dynasties was one of independence, equality, and brotherhood; it differed from China only in terms of power.

　　　　The Custom of Taxation in the Early Medieval England

　　Gu Luanzhai

　　The custom of taxation was the legal and institutional basis of taxation in medieval England. Along with routine practices, the custom was reinforced and renewed through the adaptation to new social changes, the elimination of obsolete aspects, and the stipulation of official documents. Moreover, the custom had great impacts on vernacular language, governmental locution, and political economic operation. It was widely accepted, followed, and preserved by all social classes. The great legal and institutional efficacy of the custom was manifested in its influences on the regulation of domestic affairs and the maintenance of financial balance.

　　　　On the Secular Aristocratic Hierarchy of Anglo Saxon England

　　Sun Yingang

　　The secular aristocratic hierarchy of Anglo-Saxon England was composed of ealdorman, gesith and thegn. At the beginning, the concept of ealdorman was relevantly vague, which was represented by senior military leaders, who took on county governing duties later on. At the end of the 9th century, the status of ealdorman kept on rising with one ealdorman managing multiple counties. However, the trend reversed at the end of the 10th century, and ealdormen were gradually replaced by earls. Gesiths were common at the early ages of Anglo-Saxon England, and were supplanted by thegns with the increasing power of the latters During the late Anglo-Saxon ages, the development of sovereignty was a crucial factor, exerting significant influences on the society. Meanwhile, nascent feudalism emerged among aristocrats.

　　The Suburbanization and Integration of Paris during Haussmann's Renovation

　　Zhu Ming

　　Under the direction of Haussmann, Paris launched a massive program of urban expansion and suburbanization. With the incorporation of many towns formerly belonging to Seine, Paris transformed into a complex comprising of a downtown, new urban districts and suburbs. In order to facilitate the urbanization of new regions and integrate the entire city complex, Haussmann initiated the construction and rehabilitation of roads and infrastructures outside of the city center, resulting in patterns and appearances unique to Paris. Meanwhile, he also rebuilt public space, contributing to the development of faubourg and banlieue in terms of municipal organization, urban culture, welfare facilities and collective memories. Although the program failed to prevent the occurrence of suburb problems and the division of urban areas and suburbs, and was frequently criticized, it was conducive to the integrity of the expanding Paris and the further development of the city.

　　The Change in Transport and the Loss of Eastern Territories in the Reign of Hadrian

　　Xu Lijie

　　Deciding to retreat from the Eastern Territories at the beginning of his reign, Hadrian relinquished the land conquered by Trajan. The reason for doing so has long been a challenge for historians who gave new accounts at times. Admittedly, strategic adjustments resulted from the synergy of multiple factors, but it seems that the significance of transport and logistics has been underestimated. Military supply network, the lifeline of expansion, was integral to the Roman Empire. During the Roman Parthian Wars, the Roman Empire was forced to adopt expensive and inefficient land transport, as massive water transport was unviable due to external reasons. The change severely hampered the implementation of traditional strategies in Hadrian’s reign, and its negative effects forced Hadrian to change his policies and abandoned the Eastern Territories for the sake of overall stability.

　　On the Formation and Characteristics of Assyrian Provinces

　　Guo Honggeng

　　Provinces were the highest local executives in Assyria, connecting the central government to regional administration. Following the model established by the Akkadian Empire, Assyrians used provinces to manage conquered lands. As an important method for maintaining military successes, the province system developed in accordance with the continual expansion of the empire. Composed of cities, towns and fortresses, and directed by the bureaucrats who were led by governors, provinces were not merely administrative units. They also levied taxes and statute labors, kept social order, organized productions, and maintained message systems while military affairs of the provinces were firmly controlled by the emperor. In a word, the provinces were efficacious for the Assyrians to manage conquered regions.

　　On the Vo Canh Inscription and History of Ancient Southeast Asia

　　Niu Junkai

　　Discovered near Nha Trang, central Vietnam, made in the 3rd century, the Vo Canh Inscription was the oldest inscription in Southeast Asia. The content was written in Sanskrit, by Indian Brahmin, which recorded the consecration of the royal family of Sri Mara to gods. The inscription indicated that when Indian culture first arrived at Southeast Asia, there was characteristic cooperation between local authorities and Indian priests Besides, Nha Trang area was mainly occupied by Cham people, but the region might have been controlled by Kingdom of Funan during the 3rd century.

　　A Review of Recent Western Researches on the Rise of British Consumer Society

　　Cao Ruichen

　　Britain entered its modern phase after the Glorious Revolution Consumption became increasingly influential in productions and daily lives, and functioned as the impetus of economic growth and social development. During the past decades, Western, especially British scholars have conducted extensive and intensive researches on the inception of British consumer society. Mainly focusing on the rise of consumer society, representations and characteristics of consumer society, the debate over consumer society, the influence of luxury on capitalism, and the rise of middle class, their works reviewed the vicissitudes in every aspect culture, economy, society, etc. of Britain during the late 17th and 18th centuries.

　　A Review of Current Researches on the Relationship between the United States and Hong Kong

　　Sun Chenxu

　　The history of Hong Kong intrigued scholars from every part of the globe, as China and Britain started a discussion about the prospect of Hong Kong. Some scholars focused on the history of the relationship between Hong Kong and the United States, especially on the latters interference with the establishment and implementation of Hong Kong related policies during the Second World War and the Cold War. The following issues were discussed intensively: Roosevelt’s attitudes toward the status of Hong Kong after the WWII; the stance and response of the Truman Administration on the surrender of Japanese army in Hong Kong; the American policies toward Hong Kong during the Cold War; and the intelligence and cultural affairs of the United States in Hong Kong. Researches basically fell into two categories, based on the difference in methodology: one focused on a certain aspect of US-HK relationship, and another explored Hong Kong related issues in Sino American or Anglo-American relationships. Following the taxonomy, this paper aims at reviewing the results of international and domestic studies, and analyzing their agreements and disagreements on significant issues.

目 录

　　笔谈

　　国外史学研究新趋向
　　全球视野下的新外交史学在美国的兴起 /王晓德(4)
　　俄罗斯学界对俄国现代化问题的研究 /姚海(7)
　　关于西欧现代社会转型起始年代的新观点 /侯建新(12)
　　古代晚期研究：早期拜占庭研究的超越 /陈志强(15)
　　拉美史学中的新文化史转向 /韩琦(19)
　　美国非殖民化政策的研究趋向 /孙建党(24)
　　战后德国史学界对纳粹大屠杀罪行的反思 /张倩红(27)
　　日本右翼学者的战争翻案新动向 /孙立祥(31)

　　古代史
　　“476年西罗马帝国灭亡”观念的形成 /康凯(36)
　　雅典古典时期的埃菲比亚文化 /吕厚量(47)

　　北美史
　　加拿大联邦政府社会住房政策的历史演变 /李巍(62)
　　美国医疗体制改革历程探析 /高芳英(75)
　　太平洋战争时期美国的对华宣传：起源、政策与机制 /王睿恒(85)

　　问题讨论
　　现代化进程中的民族问题 /陈晓律(99)

　　学术史
　　从历史主义到计量方法：美国经济史学的形成与转变（1870—1960） /关永强(114)
　　20世纪五六十年代美国苏联学的发展及其影响 /王子晖(124)

　　书评
　　探究英国经济兴衰之道——王章辉著《英国经济史》评介 /程西筠(139)
　　直面灾害的历史——读《日本灾害史》 /王海燕(142)

　　会议综述
　　全球视野下的E.P.汤普森国际学术研讨会综述 /石磊 舒小昀(147)
　　“文明自觉论”高层论坛学术会议综述 /蒋真(151)
　　“近现代以来欧美社会变革与稳定”学术研讨会综述 /于艳茹(155)

　　The Formation of the Idea about “The Fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476” /Kang Kai (36)
　　Ephebic Tradition in Classical Athens /Lv Houliang (47)
　　The Development of the Canadian Federal Government's Social Housing Policy /Li Wei (62)
　　On the Reform of American Healthcare System /Gao Fangying (75)
　　American Propaganda in China during the Pacific War /Wang Ruiheng (85)
　　The Issue of Nation in the Process of Modernization /Chen Xiaolv(99)
　　The Birth and the Shift in the Study of Economic History in the US，1870-1960 /Guan Yongqiang (114)
　　The Development and Impact of American Sovietology in the 1950s and 1960s /Wang Zihui(124)

目 录

　　国际关系史
　　20世纪70年代驻韩联合国军司令部存废问题——以美国决策为中心的考察 /梁 志(4)
　　苏美英三国在援助华沙起义问题上的分歧、斗争及影响 /胡 舶(17)

　　欧美史
　　一战时期美国联邦政府的劳工住房计划探析 /李 莉(32)
　　为启蒙和大革命“纠偏”基佐的宗教思想与实践 /倪玉珍(41)
　　英国工业化时期的雇主结社行为与劳资冲突 /尹建龙(52)
　　被保护人与罗马早期社会的等级冲突 /胡玉娟(63)

　　东南亚史
　　泰国现代三波复兴比丘尼运动探析 /黄云静(75)
　　美国殖民统治时期菲律宾的华文教育 /姜兴山(92)

　　史学理论
　　中世纪研究的新路径和新领域 /罗伯特•斯旺森(103)
　　西方古典妇女史研究的兴起与发展 /裔昭印(116)

　　书 评
　　《国王神迹》与年鉴学派的史学研究 /张绪山(129)
　　近十多年美国史学的新进展——《当今美国史学》评介 /于留振(133)

　　会议综述
　　普京谈新历史教科书的编写问题 /吴恩远(139)
　　“国际卫生组织与医疗卫生史”国际学术研讨会综述 /张勇安 王贻胜(142)
　　“16—18世纪海洋东亚史”国际学术研讨会综述 /聂德宁(146)
　　“世界现代史学术前沿及学科建设”研讨会综述 /赵文亮 孙若彦(150)
　　“马克思主义与世界古代史研究”学术研讨会综述 /于向东 张 壬 成思佳(154)

　　书 讯
　　《失落的玛阿特——古代埃及文献(能言善辩的农民)研究》/王海利(16)
　　《拜庭帝国通史》/陈志强(74)
　　《巴比伦与亚述文明》/于殿利(115)
　　《资本主义起源新论》/侯建新(141)
　　《古代近东文明——古代两河流域、埃及、波斯等古文明探研》出版 /李海峰(149)
　　《古典民主与共和传统》/晏绍祥(156)

　　CONTENTS

　　The Retention or Abolition of United Nations Command in South Korea with U．S．Policy in the 1970s /Liang Zhi (4)
　　The Divergence and Struggle over the Warsaw Uprising Aid among the Allies /Hu Bo (17)
　　The American Federal Housing Programs for Workers during the First World War /Li Li (32)
　　Reflections on Enlightenment and the French Revolution：The Religious Thinking and Practice of Francois Guizot /Ni Yuzhen (41)
　　Employers’Associations and Labor-management Conflicts in British Industrialization /Yin Jianlong (52)
　　The Clients in the Early Roman Conflict of the Orders /Hu Yujuan（63）
　　Three Waves of Bhikkhuni Sangha in Modem Thailand / Huang Yunjing (75)
　　The Philippines’Chinese Language Education under the Colonial Rule of the US /Jiang Xingshan(92)
　　New Developments in Medieval Studies /Robert Swanson (103)
　　The Rise and Development of Western Classical Women’s History Studies /Yi Zhaoyin (116)

SUMMARIES OF ARTICALES

　　Policy in the 1970s
Liang Zhi

　　United Nations Command (UNC) was important for United States’ policy towards the Korean Peninsula in the first half period of the Cold War. With the great change in Korean Peninsula’s internal and external relationships, growing influence of the Non-Aligned countries in the United Nations, and gradual withering of the UNC, the issue of retention or abolition of UNC was placed on the agenda in the early 1970s. U. S. tended to avoid discussing the issue at the outset, but later decided to accept the dissolution of UNC, on the premise that this would not harm its most significant vested interests in the Korean Peninsula. In 1975, U. S.-South Korea resolution and China-North Korea resolution were adopted simultaneously by the UN General Assembly. As a result, the UNC maintains its presence until now, which is partly because the U. S. did not fundamentally change its policy toward the Korean Peninsula and still ought to maximize its interest unilaterally.

　　The Divergence and Struggle over the Warsaw Uprising Aid among the Allies
Hu Bo

　　The Warsaw uprising in Poland of 1944 exerted great influence on the history of World War II. Although the uprising was led by the Polish Government in exited, the fate of the uprising was determined by the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. Their different attitudes and responses towards the uprising were based on their different interests in Central and Eastern Europe. They held different opinions towards the issue of aiding Warsaw, which damaged their relationship and led to confrontation. The Alliance were united together to aid Warsaw at the end of the uprising, but the intrinsic differences among the allies still casted a shadow on their cooperation from then on. This posed a potential danger for the allies’ future relations, and to some extent accelerated the advent of the Cold War.

　　The American Federal Housing Programs for Workers during the First World War
Li Li

　　In response to workers’ housing crisis during the First World War, the American federal government initiated two federal workers housing programs, which alleviated the workers’ housing problems to some extent. These projects demostrated federal intervention in housing market and construction of public houses for the first time, and possessed a groundbreaking policy significance. They should be regarded as the initial point of departure for American public housing policy. However, the programs were unable to solve the low-income families’ housing problems accumulated in nearly a hundred years and also failed to make the government aware of the necessity of long-term construction of public housing policy.

　　Reflections on Enlightenment and the French Revolution : The Religious Thinking and Practice of Francois Guizot
　　Ni Yuzhen

　　As a historian, thinker and statesman, Francois Guizot was well known among quite a few Chinese researchers. However, he has not received scholarly attention as a Protestant. From 1814 to 1848, Guizot devoted himself to political thinking and practice. But religion also comprised a very important part, which could be observed from his reflections on Enlightenment and the French Revolution, from the Law Guizot and from his striving for educational freedom for the Catholic liberals. After 1848, Guizot concentrated on religious thinking and practice. He assumed offices in some Protestant groups and published several religious works. Guizot’s reflections on religious affairs and his efforts to reconcile the Catholic and the Protestant church, as well as Christianity and the modernity, constituted an important part of the efforts of the sympathizers of Christianity in the 19th century, who endeavored to correct the anti-religion tendency of the French Revolution. Guizot’s successes and failures reflected the dilemma faced by France in the political-religious affairs.

　　Employers’ Associations and Labor-management Conflicts in British Industrialization
　　Yin Jianlong

　　As a complex social and political game, modern industrial relations consist of three players: employers, workers and government. Owing to the ideological and economic conflicts between employers，and workers in British industrialization, employers’ associations widely existed in industrialtrades as a counterpart of Workers’ Unions. These associations may close factories to confront the strike led by the Workers’ Union, which led to the aggravation of labor-management conflicts. With the rise of New Model Unions and reasonableness in workers’ movement, employers’ associations began to see Workers’ Union as representatives of negotiation, which created a win-win situation for both.

　　The Clients in the Early Roman Conflict of the Orders
　　Hu Yujuan

　　The early Roman clients had a very subtle relationship with the patricians and the plebs. On one hand, they were dependents of the patricians’ gentes. On the other hand, their social status was closer to that of the plebs. Such an intermediate identity made the class of the clients a crucial makeweight for the plebs and the patricians. To some extent, both the patrician and the plebs’ fates were decided by the clients. In the early two centuries of the Conflict of the Orders, the clients were always ready to help the patricians against the tribunes of the plebs. The situation changed in the second half of the fourth century B. C. Since then the clients seemed to have gained more independence. It is assumed that there existed a revolution of the clients in the Conflict of Orders. This paper aims to substantiate this assumption and give further explanations.

　　Three Waves of Bhikkhuni Sangha in Modern Thailand
　　Huang Yunjing

　　Theravada Buddhism is the main religion of the Thai people. Bhikkhuni Sangha of Theravada Buddhism, however, became extinct in 11 A. D. because of war. Since then Buddhist women could not receive full ordination or take complete precepts, for they could only be granted eight precepts. They had a very low social status: they were not given formal sangha identity by Sangha Organization, nor did they have rights of election. In order to defend their rights, some distinguished Thai Buddhist women have initiated three waves of reviving Bhikkhuni Sangha movement since 1928, demanding to rebuild Bhikkhuni Sangha, and to enjoy a status equal to that of Bhikkhu Sangha. The three waves have reflected challenges of modernization to Thervada Buddhism and its responses to the challenges.

　　The Philippines’ Chinese Language Education under the Colonial Rule of the US
　　Jiang Xingshan

　　The US had exerted great efforts to promote American education in the Philippines to enhance its colonial rule there, advocating liberal education and encouraging people to open schools both public and private. To take full advantage of this, the overseas Chinese advocated for setting up the Chinese schools to transmit China’s culture. At the same time, Chinese political forces were active in the Southeast Asia, soliciting supports from overseas Chinese society and trumpeting the importance of Chinese national cultural inheritance. Many Chinese schools were opened and Chinese language education extended. Arguably, the American rule contributed significantly to the Chinese language education in the Pillippines.

　　New Developments in Medieval Studies
　　Robert Swanson

　　The academic field of “Medieval Studies” has its specific connotations in the West. However, with the emergence of the concepts such as “Late Antiquity” and “Early Modernity”, the old concept of “the Middle Ages” has gradually suffered from deconstruction. Nowadays there is a general consensus among the medievalists that interdisciplinary studies should be adopted. More and more new trends and approaches appear on the scene. As a result, ideas about gender, heresy, nation and material culture are changing the way we look at this field. Furthermore, there is a possibility to develop the approach of a “Global Middle Ages”, although this approach will challenge existing ideas about “Medieval Studies”.

　　The Rise and Development of Western Classical Women’s History Studies
　　Yi Zhaoyin

　　This paper makes a survey of classical women’s history studies by the Western academia since the second half of the twentieth century, especially the development and characteristics of the researchers in this field. Significant progress has been made in the object, approach, scope, means and analytic category of research: from the research of famous women to all kinds of women including ordinary women; from making women visible in Western classical historiography to treating gender as the basic analytic category of women’s history studies, even transcending gender and stressing the multiple identities of women. Meanwhile, interdisciplinary researches have become a trend in the studies. This paper, moreover, probes into the significant contributions of this field to the historiography in general and the Western classical historiography in particular.

目 录

　　中日关系的历史分期与转折 /武 寅(4)
　　泛非主义与非洲一体化 /舒运国(20)
　　20世纪巴勒斯坦民问社会的发展与特点 /姚惠娜(38)
　　联合国军队构想的缘起及命运——《联合国宪章》第43条的实施进程 /韩长青(49)
　　论美国政府开发落后地区的投资模式 /黄贤全(61)
　　制造“正义”——殖民时期美国东北部的杀狼历史与传说 /王玉山(74)
　　“一个多民族的非民族国家”——近现代瑞士国家的生存、建立与发展 /马 丁(88)
　　帕提亚人的斯基泰渊源——文献与考古学证据 /王三三 邵兆颖(100)

　　·史学史研究·
　　论文艺复兴时期意大利史学的实证倾向 /孙锦泉(116)
　　近代早期欧洲巫术史研究范式的演变 /孙义飞(130)

　　·书 评·
　　开拓世界城市史研究的新领地——读《世界历史：城市发展和经济变革》/洪庆明(140)

　　·会议报道·
　　第十届中日韩古代欧洲历史学术研讨会综述 /贾文言(145)
　　中国非洲史研究会第九届年会综述 /毕健康 陈 勇(148)
　　中国英国史国际学术研讨会综述 /刘 畅 袁梨梨(152)

　　·书 讯·
　　《古典民主与共和传统》/晏绍祥(19)
　　《20世纪美国环保运动与环境政策研究》/徐再荣(99)　　

CONTENTS

　　Historical Periodization and Shift of the Relationship between China and Japan /Wu Yin(4)
　　Pan-Africanism and Afriean Integration  /Shu Yunguo(20)
　　The Development and Impact of Civil Society in Palestine in the 20th Century /Yao Huina(38)
　　The Origins and Destiny of the UN Troops：Focusingon the Historical Processof Implementation of Article 43 of the UN Charter  /Han Changqing(49)
　　0n the Investment M0de of American Government in Less—developed Regions  / Huang Xianquan(61)
　　Creating“Justice”：The Wolf-killing History and Legend in the Northeastof U.S during the Colonial Period  /Wang Yushan(74)
　　A Multinational Non-nation Stare：Survival，Establishment and Development of Modem Switzerland  /Ma Ding(88)
　　The Scythian Origin of Parthians：Literary and Archae。logical Evidenees  / Wang Sansan，Shao Zhaoying(100)

　　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES
　　Historical Periodization and Shift of the Relationship between China and Japan
Wu Yin

　　From ancient times to modern times, the first phase of the history of relationship between China and Japan was characterized by respect and conciliation, the second phase was characterized by catching up and following, and the third phase was characterized by challenging and turning. The third phase was the first historical crucial turning in the history of Sino—Japanese relation. Japan's aggression in modern time against China characterized the fourth phase. With the recovery and development after World War II, both countries became great powers. The pattern of confrontation is gradually clear, and the relationship enters the transition period prior to a second historical turning. This is the fifth phase of the relationship, i.e, confrontation and returning. At present, the unprecedentedly complicated situation in the Sino—Japanese relation is a special phenomenon during the second historical tuning and transition period, and is also an inevitable process prior to the formation of a new pattern of relationship.

　　Pan-Africanism and African Integration
　　Shu Yunguo

　　Pan—Africanism is the nationalism of African continent, which has experienced three historical periods of development in more than 1 00 years. In the initial period, Pan—Africanism called on various nations in Africa to cross the boundary of nation and geography and unite to struggle jointly for the independence of African continent and freedom of Negro races. In the exploratory period, Pan—Africanism not only guided African continent to complete the historical mission of entire independence, but also guided nations to step into a road of exploring integration. After entering the new century, African countries re—hold high the banner of Pan—Africanism and accelerate the process of integration. After analysing three historical stages of Pan—Africanism，it is not difficult for US to discover that although situations and tasks faced by the African continent in each period are different, the core of Pan—Africanism is always “African integration”. For this, in each historical period, thinkers of Pan—Africanism can always start from African integration and give characteristics of the times to Pan— Africanism in accordance with requirements of the times thereby continuing to push the process of African integration.

　　The Development and Impact of Civil Society in Palestine in the 20th Century
　　Yao Huina

　　Civil society of Palestine in the 20th century was affected and pushed by special history and political environments, which is a very unique example in the development of civil societies across the world. Long history of conflicts with Israel, internal politics of factionalism and quasi—state status without complete sovereign rights of Palestine determine that civil societies in Palestine have the following apparent characters: to come into being and develop under the circumstance of no existence of sovereign state, to survive by relying on external supports, to actively participate in politics, and to have prominent factional characters. Civil societies in Palestine play a special and important role in social and political life, and have complementary cooperation and inter—dependent relationship with national power institutions of Palestine，but also have conflicts．Civil societies can restrict authoritative dominance of national power institutions to some extent. but their driving force for democracy is limited.

　　The Origins and Destiny of the UN Troops：Focusing on the Historical Process of Implementation of Article 43 of the UN Charter
　　Han Changqing

　　Article 43 of the Charter of the United Nations requires all members of the United Nations to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security and undertake to make available to the Security Council, on its call and in accordance with a special agreement, armed forces necessary for carrying out its decisions. The Security Council once asked the Military Staff Committee to submit its recommendations regarding basic principles with which it should govern the organization of United Nations armed forces. Although discussion of the report of the Military Staff Committee resulted in constructive clarifications and prominent progress in drafting, it proved impossible to reconcile, the fundamental disagreements among the five permanent members of the Security Council. The failure of the negotiations of the Special Agreements and the deterioration of political relations between the major powers all but preclude supplying the Security Council with armed forces as envisaged under the arrangements set forth in the U. N. Charter. In consequence, the Security Council could hardly be expected to take effective collective military measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace and for the suppression of aggression or other breaches of peace.

　　On the Investment Mode of American Government in Less．Developed Regions
　　Huang Xianquan

　　Combined with typical individual cases in different periods, and according to the investment and development methods of government, the investment models on less—developed regions could be concluded into three types. The first is land resources investment model. With public land as capital, the west accomplished transportation and agriculture reform．In the progress, immigrants and enterprises became major power, and advanced technology was integrated with western resources. The second is state—owned enterprises investment model. The Congress allocated funds to set up state—owned enterprises and tapped natural resources along the Tennessee River. The state—owned enterprises were the only ones which could be engaged in production management directly. They sought for maximizing the benefit. However, by doing so, it became difficult to attract production factors in or 0utside this region to take part in development activity. The third is infrastructure investment model. The government invested in the construction of various fundamental infrastructure and attracted production factors outside. Therefore, the west was led on a development road of self-concentration successfully. The government investment models and the integration between land resources and the funds, technology and talents attracted from outside, will decide the effect of development.

　　Creating “Justice”: The Wolf-killing History and Legend in the Northeast of U. S during the Colonial Period
　　Wang Yushan

　　Killing of wolves by immigrants in the Northeast of U. S during the colonial period not 0nly met their demand for survival, but also created the “justice” of killing villains through the tradition inherited from the legend to meet their spiritual demand. To meet the demand for survival reduced the quantity of wolves, and to meet spiritual demand was the main reason for causing extinction of wolves. In nowadays when species diversification is disappearing, to deprive other species of the right 0fsurvival due to people’s “justice” is worthy of reconsideration and analysis for historians, Whatsoever from a perspective of history or legend.

　　A Multinational Non-nation State: Survival, Establishment and Development of Modern Switzerland
　　Ma Ding

　　In modern times, the process of survival, establishment and development of Switzerland is very special among the whole European continent. Switzerland is located in the middle of western Europe, surrounded by powerful states，and its three major domestic nations are the same as nations of surrounding countries, and its domestic ethic and religious problems are intertwined with ethnic contradictions and religious contradictions of neighboring countries. However, in the past centuries, under the threats of complicated geopolitical environment, affected by the sentiment of fanatical nationalism in Europe and by tremendous war clouds and religious disputes, the Swiss formed a strong national cohesion by seeking common ground while reserving differences. They melted the country into a stable state being bound by a common cause and successfully built Switzerland into a modern “multinational non- nation state”.

　　The Scythian Origin of Parthians：Literary and Archaeological Evidences

Wang Sansan，Shao Zhaoying

　　Parthians were actually different peoples in different historical periods. Parthians during the Aehaemenid period were the name of the early inhabitants of the Parthian area in the Persian Empire called by the Greek, and Parthians in the usual sense were the joint name called by classical writers for the founders of Arsaeid Dynasty, which are Parthians discussed in this article. Archaeological materials have not only verified the records in literatures regarding the idea that Parthians originated from Scythians, but also have carefully reflected the Scythian prairie cultural connotation owned by Parthians. From the perspective of development process of the history of Parthia, it was Scythian nomadic cultural features owned by Parthians’ life and customs that established the foundation for achievements of the Parthian Empire.

目 录

　　第一次世界大战与欧美和平运动的发展 / 徐蓝(4)
　　17世纪东亚海权争夺及对东亚历史发展的影响 / 庄国土(20)
　　19世纪末欧洲国际法中的“文明”标准 / 刘文明(32)
　　政治希伯来主义与近代早期共和话语的构建 / 张倩红 艾仁贵(43)
　　“三色徽之争”与大革命中的女性 / 汤晓燕(54)
　　19世纪伦敦市场上的牛奶掺假问题 / 刘金源 骆庆(66)

　　• 第9届全国青年世界史工作者会议论文撷选 •
　　美国国内围绕欧洲复兴计划议案的辩论及其影响 / 李 昀(76)
　　英国殖民统治期间对印度森林的管理开发状况研究(1858—1947) / 宋云伟(89)
　　日本武士道论视野中的中国儒学 / 唐利国(100)
　　近代俄国律师制度的创建及其影响 / 郭响宏(111)

     • 研究综述 •

　　国际视野下的美国民权运动史研究新进展 / 于 展(126)

　　• 书 评 •
　　评《文化的帝国：20世纪全球“美国化”研究》/ 王玮 田肖红(136)

　　• 学术报道 •
　　法国学者比日耐谈社会史研究 / 张 丽 姜 芃(140)
　　多维视域下的世界历史研究
　　——第9届全国青年世界史工作者代表学术研讨会综述 / 李加洞(143)
　　第三届全国社会科学院世界历史研究联席研讨会综述 / 汤水清(148)
　　“全球化的历史研究：理论、途径与个案”学术研讨会综述 / 张殿清 商 薇(151)
　　“欧洲文艺复兴史研究”学术座谈会综述 / 杨盛翔 宁 雅(155)

　　• 书 讯 •
　　《西方宪政史》(顾銮斋主编) / (150)
　　《全球化进程中的历史教育：亚欧教科书叙事特征比较》(孟钟捷等编) / (154)

　　CONTENTS

　　The First World War and Development of Pacifist Movement in Europe and the US / Xu Lan(4)
　　Competition for the Seas in East Asia in 17th Century and Its Influence on East Asia / Zhuang Guotu(20)
　　The Civilization Standard of International Law in 19th Century Europe / Liu Wenming(32)
　　The Political Hebraism and Construction of Early Modern Republic Discourse / Zhang Qianhong，Ai Rengui(43)
　　The Conflict of Tricolored Cockade and Women in the French Revolution / Tang Xiaoyan(54)
　　The Adulteration of Milk in London Market in 1 9th Century /Liu Jinyuan，Luo Qing(66)
　　Domestic Debate over European Recovery Program Legislation in the US and its Influence / Li Yun(76)
　　The Management and Development in Indian Forests during the British Colonial Period (1858—1947) / Song Yunwei(89)
　　Chinese Confucianism from the Perspective of Bushido of Japan / Tang Liguo(100)
　　On the Creation of Modern Russian Advokatura and Its Influence / Guo Xianghong(111)

　SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

　　The First World War and Development of Pacifist Movement in Europe and the US
　　Xu Lan

　　The Pacifist movement in Europe and the United States did not have a major impact on the international situation prior to the First World War．Soviet Russia，born in the Great War，with its peaceful diplomatic orientation and Lenin’s principle of peaceful coexistence，opened a new chapter in international history．World War 1 was so cruel that it led to the emergence of an ethos of anti—war，war— weariness and fear of war．causing the rise of Pacifist movement in Europe and the United States；the Pacifist movement in the 1920s，to some extent，promoted the development of international law regarding limiting war and protesting against war．The trend toward appeasement of the Pacifist movement in the 1930s，which was the ideological and social basis of developing and implementing appeasement policies，indirectly encouraged fascist aggression and expansion and finally encouraged fascist states to launch the Second World War．This historical phenomenon offers a unique contribution to peace studies and gives us an important revelation：pacifism opposes all war absolutely，which sometimes backfires and may encourage the occurrence of wars．Nowadays，improving peaceful systems，adhering to the concepts and practices of peaceful coexistence，and peaceful settlement of international disputes，are offering effective contributions to world peace．

　　Competition for the Seas in East Asia in 17th Century and Its Influence on East Asia
　　Zhuang Guotu

　　Since the 17th century．in order to dominate the high．profit maritime trade in East Asia，the Dutch and British competed via military force with the earlier arriving Portuguese and Spaniards，as well as the local Chinese．Japanese．an Muslim traders．Up until the late 17th century the Dutch defeated the other competitors and established its sea power in East Asia．Since then，the Europeans controlled the seas and major maritime trade profit in East Asia，which changed decisively the historical trends of East Asian countries and led the latter into colonization or semi．colonization for more than 200 years．

　　The Civilization Standard of International Law in 19th Century Europe
　　Liu Wenming

　　In late 19th century，European jurists explicitly valuated the international practice and legal rights in terms of European civilization，so that a civilization standard of international law in accordance with the rule of international relations took shape．According to this standard，countries in the world were classified into different levels such as“civil”，“barbaric”or“uncivil”．Countries in different levels acquired different levels of international acknowledgement．Those countries which were tagged on“barbaric”and“uncivil”were excluded out of the“International Community"，which was in reign of international laws and western countries．Then，a hierarchical world order in the sense of international law had been constructed．It was built when the western powers were aiming at searching for legal reasons to divide the world and achieve the colonial rule in the transition period to imperialism．It was built v1‘a interaction between western powers and non—western countries．However，from the perspective of the 0rigin of thought．it was the product of binary thinking between“selfhood”and“others”in the tradition of European international laws．

　　Ai Rengui，The Political Hebraism and Construction of Early Modern Republic Discourse
　　Zhang Qianhong

　　In the circle of European political thought in the 16th．18th centuries，some Church’s scholars cited Hebrew Bible and they thought Hebrew Republican society created by God was perfect for Israelites．The trend of thought of Political Hebraism was originated from Italy and then extended towards the north．It had 1asted for three centuries and climbed on its peak in Holland and Britain．Essentially．Political Hebraism used the classical political concept of Greek and Rome to explain ancient Hebrew societies in different forms，whose aim was to offer a reasonable proof for discourse construction of modern actions against royal power to establish a republic government by these ideal Hebrew precedents．Therefore，the Hebrew factors had been changed and even twisted in the establishment of modern European political civilization．

　　The Conflict of Tricolored Cockade and Women in the French Revolution
　　Tang Xiaoyan

　　The conflict of tricolored cockade in 1793 was a turning point in the gender politics in the French Revolution．The event began with the dissatisfaction of women for the quotation policy．Economic conflict led to a division of women revolution camp．The conflict between two sides showed up through the problem of how to wear the tricolored cockade and immediately。the discussion of women’s political rights was raised up．Words like“the confusion of gender roles was the root of political disorder”could find proof in thought of philosophers in the Enlightenment including Rousseau．Promoted by political crisis，gender politics became the dominant discourse．Women clubs were closed．Women exited from the public political stage．The influence of the event continued until 19th century．

　　The Adulteration of Milk London Market in 19th Century
　　Liu Jinyuan  Luo Qing

　　In London in 19th Century，along with the change in milk resource market，the quality and security of milk gained attention of the whole society．Conditions including watering，degreasing，coloration and adding preservative to milk became increasingly intensified，which posed threat to people’s health．The spreading of adulteration in London market was related closely with peddlers’pursuit of good profits，the backwardness in government’s supervision of milk quality as well as lack of laws and bad inspection．In the second half of the 1 9th century，with the enhancement of the government contr01．Great Britain issued a series of laws and rules concerning food security．The supervision of food security including milk was improved．Then，the adulteration of milk was contained gradually．

　　Domestic Debate over European Recovery Program Legislation in the US and its Influence
　　Li Yun

　　Economic Cooperation Act of l 948 is the product of a heated debate among US Institutions．The legislative bodies and the interest groups．This act defined the policy of European Recovery Program (ERP)．It protected the special benefits of the interest groups in the US．This act developed an organization mode on the basis of cooperation in which experts were responsible for managing and coordinating the recovery in Europe．In it．the country and the civil societies could work together．The Truman administration took advantage of this favorable opportunity brought by the argument in EPR to provoke a strong atmosphere against the Communism．This argument not only accomplished the policy design for ERP．but also enhanced the level of institutionalization of the foreign aid in the US．By doing so，it laid a basis of public opinion for the US to curb communism and to interfere the outside world under the banner of freedom .

　　The Management and Development of Indian Forests during the British Colonial Period (1858—1947)
　　Song Yunwei

　　By the middle of the 19th century，India had completely become a colony of Great Britain．Meanwhile，the forest in Britain had been used up．Therefore．The British Parliament passed a bill in which the property right of forests of Indian villages and communities was deprived．The British came to control the forests．The Forest Bureau in the colony grew a large quantity of woods for construction of railways or exporting．The forests in India was then industrialized．After the traditional．rotational cultivation system in India was abolished．to some extent．The scientific forest management was introduced into India．which promoted the development of modern forest science in India．The forest policy of Britain reflected the change in thought of society，and relations between human beings and nature in Britain．It also destroyed the social system in India．On one hand．it encouraged the modernization of India．and on the other hand．it intensified the interference to ecology．

　　Chinese Confucianism from the Perspective of Bushido of Japan
　　Tang Liguo

　　Bushido is a very important discourse system during the process of shaping national recognition in modern Japan．The paper chooses three Bushido representatives of three very important historical periods of Modern times—Transition period-Contemporary times，who are Yamaga Soko(1622—1685)，Yoshida Shoin(1830—1859)and Inoue Tetsujiro(1855—1944)．This paper，based on analysis of these three representatives，is aimed to make an investigation on how these representatives，who were dedicated to national self-recognition construction．dealt with Confucianism from China when they talked about the history of Bushido．Yamaga Soko，under the basis of fundamentals of Confucianism, made Confucianism localized and China a foreign culture via peeling off the fundamentals of Confucianism from China．Yoshida Shoin was committed to explore Confucianism with general meaning and seek for the possibility of construction of Japanese nationality with Particularism．His thought became one of the important resources of China—despising thought．Inoue Tetsujiro，as the representative of definite period of Bushido，had abandoned Confucianism completely．Chinese culture centered on Confucianism，as the unavoidable other culture．was used firstly and then abandoned．The dual construction of“others”and“selfhood“became dual“unreal construction”．

　　On the Creation of Modern Russian Advokatura and its Influence
　　Guo Xianghong

　　The lawyer institution is commonly used in legal system by Europe and the United States and it is seen as a part of the country under the rule of law．Based on the indicial experience of western countries，Tsarist government created the advokatura during the indicial reform in 1864．Lawyers’defense thus became one of the prominent features of indicial system in Imperial Russia．Modern Russian advokatura was mainly divided into four types，which were the sworn attorney．the attorney—in—training，the private lawyer and the underground advokatura．At first，the lawyer institution is relatively independent because of its strict professional access and self—government．But later the advokatura was limited by internal division，public criticism．etc．However．the creation of the lawyer institution was quite significant for Russian social change，transformation of people’s law—consciousness and national construction under the rule of 1aw.